Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies Series Historia et Sociologia, 25, 2015, 3

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Anali za istrske in mediteranske študije Annali di Studi istriani e mediterranei Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies

Series Historia et Sociologia, 25, 2015, 3

ANNALES Series His toria e t Sociologia, 25, 20 15, 3

UDK 009 Annales, Ser. hist. sociol., 25, 2015, 3, pp. 425-676, Koper 2015 ISSN 1408-5348 ISSN 1408-5348

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original scientifi c article UDC 316.7:94(477) received: 2015-05-26

SEVERIA AS A HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPT

Nela BAGNOVSKAYA

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Russian Federation e-mail: Nkaschtan@yandex.ru

ABSTRACT

The issue of the formation of three Eastern Slavic people from the single Kievan Rus’ is extremely complicated.

Special diffi culties arise during the determination of the nature of historical-ethnic development in the regions with established ethnic boundaries. Severia is one of such regions. In this paper, the author attempted to refl ect the per- ception of the Severian territory and its population in historical science in different periods.

Keywords: Severia, historical-ethnic processes, ethnic-cultural distinctiveness, East Slavic unions, localisation of chronicles, Sevryuks

LA SEVERIA COME CONCETTO STORICO-GEOGRAFICO

SINTESI

La questione della formazione di tre popoli slavi orientali dal singolo stato Rus’ di Kiev è estremamente complica- ta. Diffi coltà particolari si verifi cano nel tentativo di determinare la natura dello sviluppo storico-etnico nelle regioni con confi ni etnici stabiliti. La Severia è una di tali regioni. Nel presente contributo, l’autrice ha cercato di rispecchiare la percezione del territorio severiano e della sua popolazione nella scienza della storia dei diversi periodi.

Parole chiave: Severia, processi storico-etnici, individualità etnico-culturale, unioni degli Slavi orientali, localizzazione di cronache, severiani

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Nela BAGNOVSKAYA: SEVERIA AS A HISTORICAL-GEOGRAPHIC CONCEPT, 425–432

INTRODUCTION

Since Ukraine’s declaration of independence, new discussion began, including discussion on the issues of forming the Eastern-Slavic nations and the ethnic struc- ture of the Kievan Rus’. A number of sources, which be- little the commonality of origin and close connection of historical destinies of Eastern Slavic nations, attempt to substantiate different alternative variants of the theory of a single Eastern-Slavic ethnic-cultural commonality.

The thesis claims that the Russian, Ukrainian and Be- lorussian nationalities began forming long before the formation of the Kievan Rus’, while the Ukrainian ethnic group was the dominating one in the Kievan state.

Nowadays, Russia is accused not only of enslaving the freedom-loving Ukrainian people, but also of “steal- ing” its national history. For example, according Ukrain- ian Dr. Sc. in History Ya. Dashkevych, Moscow rulers

“beginning with Ivan IV (the Terrible) … understood that one cannot create a great nation and a great empire without a great past. Therefore, they needed to enrich their historical past, and even appropriate other people’s past. Hence, Moscow tsars set the task of appropriating the history of the Kievan Rus’, its glorious past, and cre- ating the offi cial mythology of the Russian Empire” (Spir- itual and contractual documents of great and appanaged princes of the 14^th-16^th centuries, 1950).

Under these conditions, a comprehensive study of the issue of the Eastern Slavic people’s ethnogenesis is extremely relevant, and is of great practical importance.

The formation of three nations – Russian, Ukrainian and Belorussian – on the single Old Rus’ basis occupies a special place in the history of Eastern Slavic people and is an extremely complicated issue. Special diffi culties are associated with the clarifi cation of the nature of historical-ethnic development of the population in the regions, where the ethnic boundaries of the specifi ed nations were formed. One of such regions was Severia – an original region of the Eastern-Slavic world, where due to historical conditions, the ethnic-cultural originality of the population was preserved to the end of the 17^th century.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the introduction to “The Tale of Bygone Years”, the chronicler describes the settling of Slavic tribes in East- ern Europe. This part of the chronicle mentions “Severs”

(«севера») as one of the Slavic tribes. In terms of the place of settlement in Eastern-Slavic lands, Severs are called the last ones among other tribes. The chronicler determines the territory of Severs as the lands “… along Desna, Seym and Sula” (The Tale of Bygone Years, 1962, 5). However, the historical-geographical aspect of Seve- ria is little studied. Due to the lack of special works, which would generalise and systematise information about Severian topography, there is no specifi c opinion regarding its localisation in scientifi c literature. Various

works determine the territory of the Severian land dif- ferently: the lands along the Desna River; interfl uves of Sozh and Desna Rivers; Desna-Seym interfl uves; Desna River basin and Oka River upper reaches; the region of Putivl and Briansk, etc.

The lack of coordination in localisation of this region is caused by the uncertainty of the “Severian land” concept, which is identifi ed with the settling region of the

“Sever”, mentioned in chronicles, or with the territory of the Principality of Chernigov in the 11^th-13^th centuries, or with the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk in the 12^th- 13^th centuries, or with Severia in the 14^th-16^th centuries.

“The Tale of Bygone Years” provides only the “Sever”

ethnonym and its derivatives”: “Severo”, “Severy”, “Se- vereny”, “Severyane” («северо», «северы», «северены»,

«северяне») (Laurentian chronicle, 1962, 6, 10, 11, 12, 19, 24, 29, 148, 149; Hypatian chronicle, 1962, 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 17, 21, 135, 136). The latter one is most fre- quently used in historical literature. However, according to linguistic data, the original text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” in the 12^th century did not mention the

“Severyane” («северяне») ethnonym – ‘an-e was intro- duced by the authors of much later codes, replacing the forms without suffi xes (Hasburgaev, 1979, 208-209).

Such forms include the “Sever” («северъ») ethnonym.

The appearance of the form “Severo” («северо») is associated, according to linguists, with the typical phenomenon of the transition of the –hard sign ending (-ъ) to –o (Dnepr – Dnipro, Psl – Pslo, Vorskol – Vorsklo (Днепръ – Днiпро, Пъсьлъ – Псло, Воръсколъ – Ворскло)) (Etymo- logic dictionary of annalistic geographic names of the Southern Rus’, 1985, 153; Solovyeva, 1956, 65).

The Kievan chronicle uses the attributive word-com- bination “Severian towns” (Hypatian chronicle, 1962, 629). In the Galicia-Volhynia chronicle, in terms of the events of the second half of the 13^th century, the northern Dnieper Left-Bank lands are mentioned as “Zad- neprovye” (Beyond the Dnieper) (Hypatian chronicle, 1962, 872, 892), while the description of these events that dates back to the end of 16^th century uses the name

“Severian Russian land beyond the Dnieper” («Северская земля русская за Днепром») (Stryjkowski, 1846, 248). It is important that the authors of later codes, while mod- ernising, if necessary, the texts of Old Rus’ chronicles when they copied them, used the term “Severian land”

(«Северская земля»), which was not used before. For example, the text of “The Tale of Bygone Years” in the 14^th century version reads, “and let the Russian land be divided by the Dnieper: Yaroslav on this side, and Mstislav on the other side” («… и разделиста по Днепр Русьскую землю: Ярослав прия сю сторону, а Мьстислав ону»); a later interpretation: “… and let this land be divided by the Dnieper: one be Kievan land, and other be Sever- ian land” («… и разделиста си землю по Днепр: един Киевскую землю, а другий Северскую землю») (Lauren- tian chronicle, 1962, 149; The Lvov Chronicle, 1910, 90). There are other similar examples.

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According to a number of researchers, the fi rst docu- ment to use the term “Severian land” is the oath of loy- alty of Prince Fedir Lyubartovich to King Władysław II Jagiełło and Queen Jadwiga, which gave him “the land upon their will named Severia with all towns and all belongings” («землю до своей воли на имя Северскую со всеми городми, со всеми оужитки») in 1393 (The Tale of Bygone Years, 1962, 51; Tretyakov, 1937, 13).

During the 14^th-18^th centuries, sources register a number of related toponymical formations: “Siver”, “Si- vera”, “Severshchina”, “Sivershchina”, “Siver land”,

“Siver side”, “Siverskaya ukraina”, “Siver country”

(«Сивер», «Сивера», «Северщина», «Сиверщина»,

«Сиверская земля», «Сиверская сторона», «Сиверска украина», «Сиверский край») (Archeographic commission, 1841,113, 201, 350; Supplements. V.1., 257, 260, 294; Velichko, 1864, 97; Rusanova, 1966, 121, 203, 220, 339, 508 et al; Archeographic commission, 1875, V.8, 11, 400; 1878, V. 10., 330; Imperial Academy of Sciences, 1890, 33, 57, 344, 369, 419,463 et al.; The History of the Kazan Kingdom (The Kazan Chronicler), 1903, 44; Spiritual and contractual documents of great and appanaged princes of the 14^th-16^th centuries, 1950, 437, 482; Bolotnikov, 1959, 119,126, 134, 175, 185, 187,197,219 et al.; The New Chronicler, 1965, 59, 62, 71, 77; Bevzo, 1970, 112, 121; The Eyewitness Chroni- cle, 1971, 57, 65, 89, 95, 123, 124, 151, 162; Belaru- sian-Lithuanian Chronicles, 1980, 166). This toponym is genetically connected with an earlier ethnonym “Sever”

(«северъ»), found in chronicles, and is the result of its transformation into a new onomastic formation.

Most researches, who studied chronicle tribes, set the task of determining their tribal boundaries. Certain historians and authors of works on historical geography of Russia related the entire Dnieper Left-Bank lands to the “Sever” (Barsov, 1885, 147-152; Hrushevsky, 1904, 167-168; Hrushevsky, 1911, 226,230; Seredonin, 1916, 141-142). The historians, who studied Severia (P.V. Gol- ubovskiy, D.I. Bagaley, V. Lyaskoronskiy, A. Andriashev and V.V. Mavrodin), shared this opinion. In particular, P.V. Golubovskiy supposed that the chronicler mentioned only the central part, the core of the Sever territory, while the entire area of the Sever people was con- siderably larger (Golubovskiy, 1881, 2). Archaeological excavations of Slavic burial mounds of the 11^th-14^th centuries, which distinguished complexes of women’s decorations that were peculiar to each Eastern-Slavic tribe, laid the foundation for determining the Severian land boundaries for the abovementioned researchers. Spiral temple rings were acknowledged as such decorations for the Severs. Although A. A. Spitsyn noted the mixed population of the Severian land, when determining the tribal boundaries of the Sever, he proceeded from the established opinion (Spitsyn, 1899, 338-340).

In 1937, the “Soviet Archaeology” journal published two articles on the correlation of archaeological monuments of certain Kievan Rus’ lands and those of

the primary chronicle tribes. P.N. Tretyakov suggested that traditional forms of decoration, in particular, temporal rings of the 10^th-11^th centuries do not fall within the boundaries of tribal groups, distinguished by A.A.

Spitsyn, but correspond to the boundaries of feudal principalities. According to P.N. Tretyakov, the tribal groups did not exist in the 11^th-12^th centuries, and it is necessary to search for their traces among older antiquities (Tretya- kov, 1937; Tretyakov, 1961, 310). A.V. Artsikhovskiy shared A.A. Spitsyn’s opinion (Artsikhovskiy, 1937).

Many studies of the 1950s-1970s continued search- ing the material culture and funeral rites of individual regions for specifi c peculiarities, corresponding to the chronicle tribes (temporal rings, signet rings, and ceram- ics). Archaeology distinguished and studied a number of Eastern-Slavic tribes, including Severians (The Soviet source studies of Kievan Rus’, 1979, 90-91). Modern ar- chaeologists deepen the knowledge of the history and peculiarities of the culture of Eastern-Slavic tribal unions (Grigoryev, 2000).

While considering the issue of Polans’ and Severians’

tribal boundaries, B.A. Rybakov concluded that a signifi - cant part of the Dnieper Left-Bank lands in the 8^th-10^th centuries was occupied by Polans. In his opinion, the area of Severian settling coincides with the boundaries of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk in the 12^th century (middle reaches of the Desna River, upper reaches of the Psel River, middle and upper reaches of the Sula River) (Rybakov, 1947, 81-105). The opinion of B.A. Ry- bakov regarding the localisation of chronicle Sever was supported by G.F. Solovyeva (Solovyeva, 1956, 141). I.P.

Rusanov localises the Sever within narrower boundaries (Rusanova, 1966, Table 18, 19).

Thus, the starting point for determining the Severian territory in terms of studying its history is the evidence of the chronicler that the Sever lands were located “…

along Desna, Sula and Seym” («седоша по Десне, и по Суле, и по Семи...»), and archaeological data (Figure 1).

The chronicler is probably correct to locate the territory of Severia along the Desna, Seym and Sula Rivers, i.e. the territory of the tribe that became the centre of the Severian tribal union, gave its name to this union, and later – to the principality. From this perspective, the re- view and specifi cation of the Sever’s settling boundaries by B.A. Rybakov and other researchers are reasonable.

However, the area of the Severian tribal union as a political union was considered signifi cantly greater than the boundaries that were specifi ed by the chronicler, and included different ethnic groups of the population.

The boundaries, which were specifi ed by the chronicler, contain most Roman archaeological monuments that the majority of researchers relate to the “Sever”, mentioned in chronicles (Rybakov, 1947, 94, Figure 4; Berezovets, 1953a, 25-26; Berezovets, 1953b, 28- 44; Tretyakov, 1953, 242; Sedov, 1970, 126-134; Suk- hobokov, 1975, 146-147; Grigoryev, 2000). Roman antiquities are rarer in the southern and northern lands

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along the Desna and Seym Rivers. It is obvious that the lands along Desna, Seym and Sula Rivers were the centre of the Severian tribal union. Proceeding from archaeological materials, D.T. Berezovets outlined Severia by approximately the following boundaries: in the North, approximately along the Lyubech – Starodub – Briansk line; in the North-East and East, nor farther than the Bri- ansk – Kursk conditional line; in the South-East Kursk, Novi Sanzhary (lands along the Vorskla River); in the South, Novi Sanzhary – Sary – Lubny. D.T. Berezovets considers the rest of settlements south of Kharkiv the result of the settling of Severians in the end of the 9^th or the beginning of the 10^th century. D.T. Berezovets keeps the question regarding the western boundary open, sug- gesting that the interfl uves of the Dnieper and Desna River infl uenced the course of historical events, associated with the formation of Kievan Rus’ (territory of the

“Russian land”, according to A.N. Nasonov (Nasonov, 2006)), at an early stage. Due to further rapid development of culture, tribal peculiarities of this region disap- peared earlier.

In this paper, the territorial concept of Severia is lim- ited by the boundaries, specifi ed above (Figure 2). After- wards, most of this region joined the ethnic territory of the Ukrainian nation.

The term “Sever” and “Severia”, encountered in 14^th- 17^th centuries’ sources does not entirely correspond to the “Sever land” of the 8^th-10^th centuries. At the same time, the region that is distinguished in this paper, where sevryuks are mentioned by 15^th-17^th centuries’ sources (Bagnovskaya, 2002), mostly coincides with the lands, where most Roman monuments were discovered, which evidences the preservation of the ethnic-cultural originality of Severian population to the 18^th century.

It is diffi cult to reconstruct the territorial boundaries of Severia, based on the fragmentary information about it, found in 14^th-15^th centuries’ sources. However, the constancy of this toponymical formation, its active use as offi cial terminology (Platonov, 1937, 3-4), and fact that Severia became part of the Grand Duchy of Mos- cow allow referring to the method of extrapolation with the use of offi cial material from the 16^th-17^th centuries, Figure 1: Severia settling in the Dnieper Left-Bank forest-steppes, according to archaeological data (8th-10th cen- turies)

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as opposed to the documents of previous centuries. The location of Severia when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow (1503-1618) is outlined by the following points: Briansk, Gomel, Drokov, Kursk, Mglin, Morivsk, Novgorod-Seversk, Pochep, Putyvl, Radogoshch, Rylsk, Starodub, Trubchevsk, and Chernigov. All they existed in the 14^th-15^th centuries. This territory covers only part of the Severian ethnic-cultural habitat that is evidenced by archaeological fi ndings of the pre-state and Old Rus’ period: apart from lands along the Desna and Seym Rivers, it also included the basins of Vorskla and Psel Rivers, and the upper reaches of the Sula River.

Thus, the name “Sever” («северъ») related only to the Severian lands, which became part of the Principality of Chernigov during second half of the 11^th – the fi rst half of the 13^th centuries, and did not include Pereyaslav that

was affected by the consequences of the Mongol invasion and the considerable outfl ow of population from this territory.

CONCLUSIONS

To conclude, it can be said that the tribes of the pre- state period, described in chronicles, are by themselves complex ethnic-social unions, which formed from several tribes, including tribes of different ethnicities. Af- ter becoming part of the Kievan Rus’, these tribal unions evolved towards political, socioeconomic, and ethnic consolidation. However, this process was not completed. The Kievan Rus’, for a short period, cre- ated prerequisites for the formation of a single people, based on closely related groups, but these prerequisites Figure 2: Severia, according to archaeological data (map compiled by the author)

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failed to become effective factors for the establishment of a new ethnic community – the Old Rus’ people. Too many circumstances prevented this process from being completed. Affected by the developing feudalisation of the society and the political disintegration of the Kievan Rus’ it caused, the historical-ethnic development took a different course – the course of intensifi cation of com- munal and regional trends. Further development of feudalisation caused the establishment of three big feudal centres, around which the territories of individual principalities were formed. Another period of ethnic consolidation happened at the times of feudal principalities, including the Principality of Chernigov. It spanned most of the territory of the Severian tribal union. The southern regions of Severia were part of the Principality of Pereyaslavl. Territorial bonds of the population assume the leading role in this period. In chronicles, people are more often referred to as Chernigovites, Novgorodites, Kurskites, etc. However, the weak economic relations of that time and the natural economy facilitated the sta- bility of local peculiarities and tribal borders. Probably at that time, the term “Северская земля” (Severia, Sever Land) became a regional phenomenon that refl ected the history of the land and extended beyond the political concepts of the Principalities of Chernigov, Novgorod- Seversk, and Pereyaslavl. The lands of the former two partly included the lands of Radimichs and Vyatichis.

The lands of the Principality of Pereyaslavl were not eth- nically united either – they included the former lands of Severians and Polans. Some Severian settlements along the upper reaches of the Psel, Vorskla, and Siver- skyi Donets Rivers ended up within the boundaries of Polovetsian camping grounds. Further consolidation of population in early feudal states was hindered by their intensifying feudal fragmentation and the lack of inter- nal unity of the central regions of principalities and pe- ripheral regions, which often changed hands. The trend of the emergence of two centres (apart from Kyiv) – the Principalities of Galicia-Volhynia and Vladimir-Suzdal – around which the rest of the south-western and north- eastern Rus’ lands were grouped, was interrupted by the Mongol invasion.

Even before the Mongol invasion, the Chernigov- Severian land ended up “between” the said centres – their princes strived for gaining a foothold in Kyiv. The Mongol invasion and the subsequent historical situa- tion in Eastern Europe facilitated the conservation of the isolated, “middle” status of Severia between the north- eastern and south-western Kievan Rus’ lands, on the one hand, and the steppe nomads, on the other hand. Fur- thermore, in the 14^th century, the Severian lands were contested by two states – the Grand Duchies of Lithu- ania and Moscow, who laid claim to the heritage of the Kievan Rus’. Severian principalities constantly changed hands. These circumstances also facilitated the conservation of the ethnic-cultural isolation of the Severian population.

As is known, the Mongol invasion did not affect the ethnic composition of the Old Rus’ lands, including Severian lands. The population of its southern and south-eastern regions encountered steppe tribes long before that. Certain tribes settled down along the borders of the Chernigov, Severia, Pereyaslavl, and other principalities. After the Mongol invasion, some nomadic groups moved back into the steppes, but part of them, especially seminomadic people, remained at their previous places of dwelling. Some of them even moved northwards, into the forest steppes, due to the relocation of the population from the Pereyaslavl and Chernigov Principalities into the forest regions beyond the Desna River. The fact that the population of the southern regions of Severia dwindled is indisputable, but the state- ment regarding the complete desertion of these lands is unacceptable.

These conditions revealed the resilience of the historical name of Severia and its population. 15^th-17^th century sources mention Severia, Severian cities, rivers and dwellers of this land – Sevryuks. Sevryuks are descendants of the ancient, pre-Mongolian population of Severia. According to sources, Sevryuks lived approximately within the territory of the ancient “Sever”. They are not, however, direct descendants of “Sever” people – they are descendants of the Severian population, which underwent long historical development. In the 14^th-16^th centuries, the Kievan Rus’ ceased to exist, as did the Principalities of Chernigov and Pereyaslavl as independ- ent states. People were called Sevryuks, i.e. the dwellers of Severia, rather than Russians or Chernigovites. This was probably a regional name, but closely connected with the history of Severia, and, probably, used in the 14^th – fi rst half of 17^th centuries as the population’s self- designation. The preservation of the “Sevryuks” name to the second half of the 17^th century was facilitated by the fact that Severian lands changed hands several times between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (and then the Kingdom of Poland) and the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 14^th-16^th centuries. Therefore, it was diffi cult to develop and affi rm a name that was associated with this or that state affi liation (politonym).

Thus, the integrity of the Severian land was deter- mined by its ethnic-cultural unity that was inherited from the Sever people, mentioned in chronicles, rather than by political institutions. Sevryuks were a special group of the Old Rus’ population, which preserved its regional isolation in the 14^th-16^th centuries (in some regions – to the second half of the 17^th century). After the end of the 16^th century, and, mostly, in the 17^th century, the population of former Severia joined the formation of the Ukrainian and Russian nationalities (perhaps, to a certain extent, Belorussian, as well).

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SEVERIJA KOT ZGODOVINSKO-GEOGRAFSKI KONCEPT

Nela BAGNOVSKAYA

Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 117997, Russian Federation, Moscow, 36 Stremyanny Lane e-mail: Nkaschtan@yandex.ru

POVZETEK

Problem oblikovanja treh vzhodnoslovanskih narodov iz ene same države, Kijevske Rusije, je izjemno zapleten.

Posebne težave nastanejo pri opredeljevanju narave zgodovinsko-etničnega razvoja na področjih z uveljavljenimi etničnimi mejami. Eno izmed takšnih področij je Severija. Avtorica je v članku poskušala zrcaliti zgodovinsko pojmo- vanje severjanskega ozemlja in njegovih prebivalcev v različnih obdobjih.

Celovitost Severije je bila prej posledica njene etnično-kulturne enotnosti, zapuščine severjanskega ljudstva, ome- njenega v kronikah, kot pa vplivov političnih institucij. Severjani so bili posebna skupina staroruskega prebivalstva, ki je v obdobju med 14. in 16. stoletjem (v nekaterih predelih do druge polovice 17. stoletja) ostajala regionalno izolirana. S koncem 16. stoletja, povečini pa v 17. stoletju se je prebivalstvo nekdanje Severije vključilo v oblikovanje ukrajinskega in ruskega (do neke mere morda tudi beloruskega) naroda.

Ključne besede: Severija, zgodovinsko-etnični procesi, etnično-kulturna svojstvenost, vzhodnoslovanske skupnosti, lociranje kronik, Severjani

Figure 3: Coat of Arms of Severia. 1672. File:Герб Северной страны 1672 года.gif. From Wikimedia Commons

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