L. I. N u l s ·T I C A
LETO
VL
1964R Vodu·š.ek
· THE REPETITION OF PHONEMIC . CHARACTERISTICS IN RADICAL MORPHEMES IN SETS. OF SYNONIM.S FROM INDO-EUROPEAN
LANGUAGES >
»IJ'une' maniere generale, les. tentatives qui 'ont ete · faites pour - ex'ft.liquer par -des propi:ietes de la natur(;! des sons le sens des mots n'ont jamais· abouti
a
aucun succes: Le fait. que les memes notions sont exprimees d~ns ies .diverses langues humaines par. des sons infinime'.!t • divers et 'que le sens attribue aux mots vari.e sans que les sons ·y soient interesses ou que, .inversement, la prononciation iles mots varie sans.que le sens y soit int'eresse sufN a montrer qu'il est inuti~e a1rrte1i
cliercher de ce c6te.«' · . · ·
(A. Meil.let, Liguistique historique 'et Unguistique generale, p. 21.) . ' ., ~
.With these few words·t)le .famous linguist.A. Meillet concisely formtilatesi the objections against the in:trinsfc correlation of soqnd and meaning, objec- tions which are heid to be valid still today. The modern structuralistic school logically _ developed tl:iis statement of the i:eciprocal independence of · sound and meaning with the e~plicit'affirmation that the lli.ea;liing of a phoneme con·
sists only
inits difference from other phonemes in'a given Iingillstic' system.
The statement completed in this manner became the fundamental theorem .. of · ali' sti;Ucturalistic views on. language notwitnstancting differences ih detail.
Exc'eptiorially, neogrammarians and stnicturalists- admit a certain intril.1.sic correlation between thi;i souri.d and its meaning in the case of"so called ono- 1Uatopoetic (imitative)
a~d expressive words.But .for neither school these words represent an organic element '.of any .Iinguistic system;, it is corisidered only a rare and marginal event which can be ei:i,sily disregarded.
If
we look obfectively at the development· of the linguistic science, the.
idea necessarily arises, that just on the basis. of this theoretical premise of
· mutual illctependence of sound lind meaning, the formulation of the principle of. regularity in the historic change of sounds was made possible. Thus a more precise reconstruction of cilder epochs of langUage was obtaip,ed than by earlier
scieh,ti~icapproaches. In a similar way the same point of view led to the modern concept of the phbneme . as a psycologically and soeiologically dSfined unit. This concept permitted a cleai: orientation in the incommensur- able varl.ety of the sounds bf the Iaiiguage which a merely acoustic and phy- siological analysis cotild, m;>t afrive at. But nowadays we know that by· no sin.gle approach . the mariifold reality . can be E)xhausted;' therefore . any new attempt of investigating the correlation
o(sound andm.eaning seellis1ess vain
that it seemed !ifty years ago: · · ·
B. Vodušek ·
This paper is a com~uni~ation of St1Ch a new attempt.
Itis the report of a statistical examination made with · the · intention to investigate, on the basis of the well · kriown diciionary of
C ..D. Buck, the typological relationship of the plJ.onemic characteristics of synonims from indoceuropean languages. Not·
only is it_ true tb,at concepts in the . various · languages are expressed hy · an •·
infinite variety of sounds, it is also true that many concepts -'--- be it in various languages as also in sets of synonims in one language ...,.- are. reridered by similar or eve~ identical sounds, andi ~hatin case~ where a,genetical refation-.
ship is excluded.
~ucha geneticallY unexplained similarity is found beyond the narrow limits of traditional onomatopoetics or of inexactly defined ex- pressivity. We mEiet- this fact in .the study· of whatever modern ·or ancien,t' language, but the argumentation . which states the mutual fodependence of sound and meaning simply does not take account . of it. Therefore it seems.
_appropriate to.apply a statistical method of investigation if we wish to arrive at a higher degree 'of evidence cohcernirig the amorint and • indiiectly the nature of the asserted coincidences. In. opposf tion to the historical linguistics, whlch till now 'dld. not nee_d nor did apply the prdbability. count .in proving the geneticai relatiohship of words ··and grammatical forms, it is only by applying a statistical test that we · can demonstrate · ot excltide the • existence of a typoIOgical relationship ih. the liriguistic denominations. _of a
partic~larconcept. Only in this way it is possible to arrive at a more exact · judgment about. the marginal ()r · unmarginal character of. relation of sounci and meari- · · ing in language without· reference to the accepted linguistic theory.
For an experimenfal attack at ,the
r~allycrucial · points of this invespiga- · tion; the essential problem lies in the selection of suitable and adequate material from the welter of .data pre~ented by tlie language that m.ay be worked on•with known statistrcal :methods. In preparing the syhonimfo
ma~terial a single representative must be. chcisen for all genetically related
term~within the ftame of' a. particµlar . concept. A fbregoing etymologfoal compa- rison, supposing historical Ungtiistic evidence,. could• be omitted by. taking the synonimic material from 'geographically i;i.nd culturally wicj.ely distant langua- ges. In this case we would .have no reason to think
.o~a common origin or ,suppose a mutual or parallel borrowing of Words. But even then the. etymo- logical testing. of
t,erm~within the limits of any glven language would be necessaiy. As the conditions .fbr etymolc:igical inqtiiry are most satisfactory just in the. domain of the incfri-european languages - complete dictionaries . of genetfoaliy unrelated and culturally separated languages are hardly avail-
able - the choice of the indo-european languages for the projected statistical examination seemed . .to. -be. most advisable. · The material from Buck's dictio- · nary.,is in this respect specially' appropriate.
Itincludes· an: the· principal languages of .the indo-european ·groµp and presents a sufficiently large basis for the statistical count. A particular language could be chosen for sU:ch a test if _word,s from aU dialects and social strata were taJ{en in account. But·
such a material is. generally unevenly distributed with .regard to particular.
concepts and therefqre ·less. satisfying for a similar examfoation; . .
4'
.The repetitiorz, oj phonemic characteristics
Theoretical and practical circumstances detern:iined 11-lso the decision as to the choice of method in the test of phonemic
characteristics~The initially quoted citation states that the phonemic pattern of a word changes in. tiJne and place independently, pf hs ·meaning and inversely. Notwithstanding .we can n,either admit the· absolute validity of th,is staterilent nor can we deny it.
The fact. that ·a. stipposed intrinsic correlation of sound and meaning ip a
given synonim is exposed te> phonemic changes implies that it is not indiffe- rent in wl).at' a · phase and occurrence of its histdric development we s.ubmit it to phonemlc analysiS. In the case . of dif!erent forms of an etymologically id.entical word, we dispose of no objectiV'e criterlon which of these,forms is to be preferred. This uncertainty -,-. and implicitely the. evident eroding factor.
, of the known historical trans'formations of sound - can 'be avolded 'by redticing all tested synonims to that form of their. radical morphemes which is supposed for the common preceding phase Of the languages wherefrom the synonimic matEirial is taken, namely to' their indo-european roots.· In dolng this we temporarily neglect the change of meaning in the process 'of the
· historical development o_f language, :Beyond doubt a great deal of radi<ial morphemes did not posses from the beginning the same meaning as that encountered in .the- tested sets of synonims. But. the statistical examinatiop of the respective indo-european roots is sufficient for the evaluation whether witb,.in the
fr~meof a concept the phoriemfo characteristics o:f the independeht . · synonl.ins are casual or_ not. Supposing rio existing relation of, sound and meaning in the present phonemic ·pattern of synonims we would expect a
r
casual repartition of phonetnic
charact~risticin the indo-european · roots of · synonims witliin the frame of -~ concept.'·The ·negation of any intrinsic· cor- relation· of sound arid meaning implies also that the change of meaning is . independent of the corresponding phonemici pattern. In this case' the points.
of departure im1st
sho~the same. casual repartition of
phonem~c cbaracteri- .stics as the results of change. The 5tatistipal analysis cariied out upon the etymological projections, the indoeuropean roots, can give us, however, in many cases, a very uncasual repartition of phonemic cllaracteristics. Such results woulci enable tis to evaluateJn a 'better way the repartition of pbone- mic characteristics _in the next: historical phase. All this would also cast a riew light tipon the formation of lingtiistical signs in the indoeuropean area and supply an indirect' . contr-ibution to our kriowledge; about the formation ' of
lingi.tistical. signs in general. . ·
Before presenting the tables with the sets of syn:onims and their radfoal morphemes I mtist add a few words. A hundred and ten coricepts from Buck's dictionary, about one tenth of the total,, were chosen. and that
e~chfirst, fourth, middle, the fourth .from the end, and the final concept from every section. The indo-european and a few other roots of these terms -,- after the elimination in a singie concept-set of all gerietically related terms - were taken as the representative sample of the t<;>tal »populati,0n«. The same morpheme, found 'in more concept-sets, was counted_ for each concept-set separately. The relative frequency or probability distribution · 6f phonemic .
5.
B.
Vodušek·charaqteristics of. this representative sainple was taken .. as the standard of comparison for each particular concept-set. A phonemic c11aracteristic may be . defini:id as the·occurrelice in a :r;adicii,l morpheme:
1stof a particular phoneme
-: . \
(e; g. a, l) or of any phoneme o.ut of a class of phonemes ,e. g. a :riasal, a.
guttur.al), counted as one statistical evenf even. if it occ::urs there two or more times;
2ridof an unordered or ordered _multiple of phonemes or phonemes·
out of classes of phoneriles (e. g.
l, rfollowed by a guttural and inversely,
stop~dollowedby n) ;·
3rdof. a phoneme or of any phoneme 9uf of a class. of.
p}'lonemes in a certain. position (e. g. a final labial, an initial dental), For most .. terms, · the · indo-europkan roots couJd be ascertained from Buck's refe:
. rences and :from the i:ecent.
indo-e~ropeanetymological dictiona:r;y .of J: Po-
.· korny. Where this was impossible .I employed other standard etymological djctionaries Of the respective languages. A restricted nuinber of' cases did not permit the fixatioh 'of a funcfamental radical morpheme .. Nevertheless I tried
'tqdefine. the phonemic characteristics which most probably wotild appear . in the unknown. radical motphemes by
1the phonetical l!J,WS Of indo-european or other concerned langilages. The differerice between the relative frequency in . tne total )ipopUlation« and in a. particular .· coricept-set of a phonemic. cha- racteristic is to be regarded as casual (average) or not
(i.e. uricastial) .. 'rhe tešt was '-made for };orne ·.phoi,lemic c::haracteristics by examination of many'
cm;icept~sets,taken frorn, Buck's dictioriary, anci:that not only from the· repre- sentative sample. Where. the relative frequency bf a_ phbhemic ·characteristic seems to ·exclude casualness ;- Md SUCh C!),SeS are pumerOUS - it is difficult . to as.Cribe this fact to any other Cll:USe then to the intrinsiC correlation of
sound . and rileaning. *
Arab.
Assyr.
Av . ._.
Boh.
Br;
Bulg.
.·Byz . . Celt.
ChSL
Dan.
Du .. ·
EEsth ..
Fr.
Frank.
Gal
l.Gmc~
ABBREVIATIONS FOR LANGUAGES
, '"'; .-'. Arabic
Assyrian Avestan
Bohemian·
=··Czech Breton (modem) ., Bulgariari · · Byzantine-
Celtic ·
.Church Slavfo · Danish · Dutch English . Esthonian
French Frankish Gallic
Germai:iic for general
Got}1.
Grk.
Hebr.
HG
f.{ilng.Icel.
Iber. ·
IE Ir.·
Iran.
It;
Lat ..
Let t.
LG
Germ:anic .or
=Proto- .' dermanic
Gothic
Greek (ancieht).
iiebrew
High German . . Hi.ingarian = M'.agyal'
· Icelandio
·!betic
Indo-European Irish (old and/or middle)
Iranian Italian Latin Lettic , ..
Low German
_',c
.*
r.
am indebted to prof. B. Cop from ·the Indo-european: Depar.tment • of the University of Ljubljana for his' help in dubious etymological questions and to my·· brother prof. ing„ R. Vodušek from the Technological Faculty, University of Ljub- ljana for his advice in the uses of the mathematica!·statistfoal method. ·
6
".
' . .
~
Lith.
M
·MLat.
N
N-NG o
Pers.
Phoeh.
Pol.·
Po rt.
Rom.
Abaiev BA Barth.
Bern •.
Bois.·
Brilck.'.
B
Cor.
FaT
J:i'.FEW Fr.
Frisk.
Gam.
Hh.
The repetition of, phonemic char.actedstics
. Lithuanian : '' Rum. Rumanian
-Middle, e. g. ME ·::::, Russ. ·Russian
Middle English Scand: Scandinavian
Medie:val Latin.
~er._.Serbo-Croatian New
=Modern„ e. g. Skt.· Sanskrit NE
=Modern English · Slav. Slavic
Norse · Sp. ·spanish .
Modern Greek Sw-. Swedish
Old, e. g. OE
=Old Tk. Turkish
English , ' Ukr .. Ukrainian
=·Little
Persian· Russian ·
Phoenician : 'VLat. .Vulgar (Popular)
Polish W .. Welsh Latin
Portuguese : Wh.Russ. White Russian
·Romance
A:BREVIATIONS FOR
WOR~SOF REFERENCE
V.
I.Abaiev, Istoriko
etimologičeskijslovar'
osetins~ogajazyka C. Battisti, G. Alessio, Dizionario etimologico italiano
· Barthofomae, .Altiranis~hes Worterbuch .
E. Berneker, Slavisclles etymologisches Worterbuch
E. Boisacq,
DictiČmnaire'etymologique de la langue grecque
· A. Brilckner, s:i:ownik
~tymologicznyjfi!zyka polskiego
· b. D. Buck; A dictionary of selected synonims in the principal indo"europeap. languages · · '
J. Corominas, Diccionario critico etimol6gico de·
lalengua
ca_stellana .· .· . . . .
H.
Falk und A. Torp, Norwegisch'danisches etymologisches, Worterbuch,
2.Auflage
S;
Feist, Vergleichendes (formerly' Etymologisches) Worterbucli der gotllischen Sprache, 3. Auflage ·
w. von Wartburg; Franzosisches etymol~gis,ches 'WBrterbuch
E.Fraenkel, Lithatiisches etymologisches Worterbucl:). . ' Hj. Frlsk, Griechisches etyrnologisches Wortei:buch
E; Gamillscbeg, Etymologisches Worterbuch. der :franzosischen
Sprache , .. . . , _.„ .
F. Holthausen, Etymologisches Wort\;lrbuch der englischen
„ Sprache
Htibschmann Joh.
H. Htibschniann, Armenische Grammatik·
A. Johannesson, Isliindisches etymologisches Worterbuch
KM F. Kluge, Etymologisches Worterbuch der deutschen Sprache, ·
rn: Auflage, 'bearbeitet von W. Mitzka · Lok.
LP.
K. Lokotsch; · Etymologisches Wortei:buch der europii,ischen
· Worter orientalischen Ursprungs . ,
H. Lewis
a~d RPedersen, A concise comparative celtic 'Meh.
grttmmar ; . . · · · .··
, v. Machek, Etymologicky slovnik jazyka qeskeho a
slov~nskeho 7.ME
pPW REW Vas.
'Vuk.
'WH
B. Vodušek
K. Miihlenbacha. Latviešu volodas vardnica, redigejis, papil- dinajis, nobeidzis
J.EndzeUns ·
' . f
J .. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etymologisches · Worterbuch · Pauly's. Real-Encyclopaqie der klassischen Altertumswissen-
schaft, herausgegeben vori G. Wissowa · .
. w .. Mey.er-Liibke, Romanisches etymologisc'b.e·s Worterbuch, 3.
, Auflage
M.' Vasmer, Russisches etyrrtologisches Worterbuch Vuk Stefan
Karadžič',Srpski
rječnik,4. izdanje
I . , .
A. Walde, Lateinisches etymologisches Worterbuch, 3. Auflage,
bearbeitet .vop
J.Hoffmann , ·
EXP:LANATIONS ·
The words and the respective roots given; in the table.s are enumera:ted in the order of Buck's lists. When words are mentioned only in his d.iscus-
s~OJ:iafter the lists they were not . taken, in account. ·, .
The parts of compoun:ds and syntagms (nominal or verbal elements, prefixes, prepositions, auxiliary verbs .etc.) are represented by their .radical.
morphemes only
incases where they have ,full sei:nantical value.
For every indo-european etymology the reference to ;E>[okorny] is· cited.
rhe fl).'St number indicates the page Of the radical morpheme, the final num- ber the page1 of the rešpective word or of its)1earest relatives. Where the re- ference. to P[okorny] consists of three numbers, the first (in
parenthese~)gi\'.es the page o!' the primary root, the second the page of the extension or
; aiternation of th,e rotit, registered in P[6korny] as a special heading.*
. For the purposes ()f the i8tudy
~t w~snecessary to reduce; as far as pos- sible,
al~extensions and altern11tions .to primary roots. The primary roots are determined on -the basis of Pokbrny•s· data in all cases; where in Buck this last analysis is mls;ing. 'But in the initial choice of the radical morphemes Buck's view is regularly preferred, excepted · only in
c~ses'where Buck gives no etymology, or Pokorny s alternative etymology' is based on new evidence.
('.I'he differing view;
no~accepted in the study, is ·a1ways stated.)
Ifa .word . in the given· sense or its nearest relatives a:ce not found-in Pokorny but have ·
an indo-european etymology in Buck, nevertheless the radical morpheme in Pokorny is chosen foHowing Buck'..s indication, an(i the. reference, in dubious . cases, is added. A reference to other authors is a{lded when they produce additional explanations, or an indo-eutopean etymology is. exceptionally ac-
cepted on their authority. · ·
For the immectiate etymologies of Romance words, loanwords, and for the original forms of the supposed imitative words, the REW, Lokotsch .and
*
E. g. under 2;23 MALE the citation P (1123)1771'.-8 at tlie word Ir. fer- is to .be . Understood in the following way: P (1123) means that the word ri:. fer- is' not found under the primary root wei-3 in P[okorny] page 1123 but ·under the extension wirQ- in P[o~orny] page 1777, arid th.at precisely. a.t page 1778. · · ·8
1-··.
I ' .
· ·The repetition
o/
phonemic characteristicsother special etymological dictionaries are· regularly cited. ·. Buck's documenta- ' tion has been in every case verified; Where this was iinpossible, Buck's state- . ments are cited under his own name.
Ifthe immediate etymologies are telated
to indo-european radical morphEm1es,.the reference concerningthe
imm~diatesource precedes the reference to Pokorny· concerning the indo-european mor·
pheine. '·
Loanwords of non-indo,eqropea:n origin, were ryduced
tb primar~roots in s.o far the wbrks of reference at. my disposal permittep
it.Otherwise the original form in the ultlmate language wherefrom,they we:re borro'Ned is
, given instead of the primary root. · ' ·
.In the .cited words and · radical · morphemes I
r~t.ainBuck's transcnption:
Oreek words are given in. roman characters and accenti; are omitted where the respective vo'wel has. the sigll. of vowel
leng~h.With an asterii;k after the. · letter are marked .all other .cases where the usual signs fOr a phoneme. were not' available and ~o{i1(1 not be easily ·substituted py an equivalent sign. .
The values are as follows:
Arab. h* = h; Arab. t* ; t; Lith. e* - . =
~; 'ON o* =
'broad o; Rum. s*.
' .- s;· Rum. t*
='ts; Skt. m* = in; Skt. n* = n; Skt. r* ,,:. r'; Skt.
s~= s; Skt;t*
:=:t; .Tk. h* .,,;, h. . . . . . ,• . .
-
, A few other phonenies 'which could not be exactly transcribed but occtir .
. , ' ~ ~-
. ' , , . . '\ -only once are explainedin the: footnotes. · ' · · Special signs. were employed when, ih absell.Se of
ana.ccepted etyip.ology, · I tried to determine the phonemic characteristics Wbich most proba'Qly would appear in the unknbwn radical morphemes.
ThE'.se special signs represent: ·,
tx and dx px andbx
K, Tand
P= · the respective three IE ·guttural serl.es and also the cori'esponciing · aspirated plionemes
= the respective dentals or !1S_pirated dentals
= the respective labials or aspirated labials
guttural, dentals and labials without reference to series, aspiration and voieing
mn , = an undetermined nasal :
Ir
ah qndetermined liquid
M,
N, L, Ranci
S= phoneines possessing approximately the value of IE ix
ux ex
XX
m, n,
1,r and s in roots of loanwotds i or a falling dipbth'ong containing sonantic
i11 or a ·
fall~ngdiphthong containing sonantic u
...!.... -e~
o, a, a ,· . .. : ·
ix or ux or ex, i. e, a completely undeterinined ·vowel
or diphthong ·
a completely undetermined corisonant
_The unknown radical morphemes are supposed
tbcontain nqt more than one ·. vowel. · Two radical vowels. are taken as :riossiple only in morphemes
9
,_
.B: Vodušek
which are certainly not indo-europ_ean~ A presumably indo-european root with i' or u• is supposed to be terminated by tliis vowel or diphthong. Far each unknown root the _ radical vowel ('or vowels) and one of the probable
ra~icalcohsonants are always given. Other radical consonants are indicated
incases . wher{l · they cari. 'be identified at least partially~ Speci~.i etymological di~tio
naries are referred. to, when posstble, as an instance of cQntrol of the
detet~mined phonemic characteristics.
All radical morphern'.es and supposed phonemi~ characteristics, relevant
·far the
statistic~ltest, are printed in large type. The same.is done for differing parts -of radical morphemes. ·These are noted ·separately when two or more words in the list belorig to the same root . and. show a relevant difference -as to the :va_riable form of a radical morpheme. The ordinary type of
rad~cainiorphemes Car of suffixes to .radical morpJ::J,emes) signifies that the. relevant · rileirphem is to be found in Pbkbrny under the cited heading (or under the
gl~enform). Parentheses in the radical tnorphemes are always
Po~oi,:ny's.Bi:ackets are used in the tables to indicate that th!'l part· in .brackets ·of the I'adical morpheme (e; g. a moveable s) does not appear'in _the word cited,in -
· the. list. The·numbering of concepts is the same .as in Buck's dictionacy. The immbers of concepts in ordinary type vihich follow.the reference to B[uckJ,
·. refer ·to _hi:;; discussion in· the cited place. The _ numbers in large type · at the / _ end of references Signify :that the respective radical niorphemes are. regiStered -·
in the tables the--first tirne under the. given concept-number.
1.
'·
. 10
Tlie rr;q1etition of. phonemic characteri~tics
I
THE REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE
1.1 WORLP 20kv. an*hu- ansu-
P.48
l Grk. k6smos cons. kx :es-
vowel ex P 340, B
Bois. 500, Frisk 1.929 f.
2 Grk.' oikoum~Iie weik'· 1.214 MUD
p 113i
1 Grk.
3.Lat. muri.dus meu-1 pe16s. pel-6
p 804
p
7412 NG laspe cons. 1
4-Rum. lume Ieuk- vowel ex
(Lat. !Umen) REW 5161, B
p 687-8.
' 3,Lat. lutum leu-1
5 Ir. domun dheu-b- p 681
·aheu-p ' / 4 Lat. limus. iei-3
p 267 p 662
6Ir. bith. · gwei-3 Du. . slijk . S•
p 467-8 p 664
7 Nir. . saoghal sii(i)-2 ·
p
It. .. fango P!lll·2 (Lat. saeculum) B, P 889-90 CGoth; fani) . REW 3184,a,. ,Go~h. (mana) seths -ii- p 807
p 889-90 6 Fr. /boue cons. bx
8 Goth. fairhwus perkwu. ( Gall. · baua) ~vowel ux
p 822 ·REW 1000
9 Goth. midj_ungards medhi• 7 Sp. "barro
1
bar rum p 70&-7 (Iber.• barruin) · REW 96510 g'her-4 8 Sp. ·, ci.eno ··k'wei-1
p (442)444 (Lat, caenum) REW 1468,
11„Goth. mana(seths) rilanu- oi' p 628
monu-. · 9. Rum. noroiu / er-3 , .
p
700 . (Slav. narojb) B„ P 326-31.12 ON heimr / k'ei-1 10 Ir. , , lathach lat-
p 53.9-40. p 55if
( 130N. '<'ei'o*ld :wei:3 11 Nir. draoib dher-1
p (1123)1177-8 P 251-2, B
14 a1-2 .' 12
w.
mwd meu-1'p 26-7 (NE n'lud) B; P 741-2,
1.i
· .. · 15 Lith. pasaulis sau-el- I ·Dan: smuds S· .
.,
= sw-en- su~n (NHG .schmutz) FaT 734, P .742
"' p 881' 13 Dan. \' dynd dhem·
16 ChSl. miro ·miii-7 P 247-8, B
p 711-2 ' 14 Sw,, gyttja g'heti-
17 ChSl. sveto
.
k'eu-2 P 447-8, B"
p (594)62,8-9 15 MI:IG quat ;gwou- p 483-4
lBSkt. jagat' gwa. 16 NHG schlamm Ieb- liib-. etc.
gwem- p 655-7
p 463-4
. 17 NHG dreck [s]ter-8
19 Skt. bhU- bheu- 'p 1031-2
p 146-7
(= p 98) Av. an*hU = wlth gilttura! 'n 11
, , .
.,
B. Vodušek
18 Lith. purvas cons. p . 8 Skt. bhasman- bhes-1
\ v_owel X p 145
Fr. 675 9 Av.-. atrya- · lit(e)r·
19 Lett. dubl'i dheu-b- · P 69, B
dheu-p
P 267-8, 1.1 1.87 MATCH (sb.)
20.ChSl. brhnwe. bher-5
--
p 136 1 NG spirto · peis- speis·2
21 ser . . „ blato bhel·l (La~: spiritus) · B, P 796
,p 118•9 2 NG pqreion peu-iir pu-n-es
·22 Russ. grjaz•· grem-. <Grk. pur) B, P 828
3 It. fiammifero bhel-1 p 405
(Lat. flamma) p (118)124, 23 Skt. kardama- ker-6
1.214 p. 573
4 (Lat.-fer) bher-1 -
.p 128-30
1.52 SUN 5 Fr. allun:;tette ·Ieuk-
(VLat.* allumi- REW 372, 5161, 1 Grk. helios sau.el· · -· nare, Lat. lil.men) 'p 6!!7-8, 1.1 .
= sw-en- su-n 6 Sp. f6s(foro) bhli·l p 881, 1.1 (Grk. ph6s) . p 104-5, 1.52
2 Ir. grian gwher, 7 Rum. chibrit kupru
P 493, B CTk. kibrit fr. Arab. Lok. 1171, 727 :g'her-3 kibrit,fr. Aram. ke-
p 441-2 britha fr. Assyr.
3 Skt. ravi~ - eJ.1 kupritu, kupru>
P302, B 8 Nlr. maiste. meu-1
4 Skt. bhii.na •bhii-1 (NE match fr. Fr. B, Hh .. 100,
p 104 meche fr; VLat. REW 5804,.
5 S!\:t. (bhiis-)kara· · kwer,l _ myxa fr. Grk. p (741 )744, 1.1 myxa)
p 641 . 9 Br. enaouidenn an(8)·3 1 6 Skt. dina-(klira)- 'dei·l . (Lat. anima) B L86, 16.11,·
p 183-0 . p 38.
7 Skt. arka- erkw- '10 Dan. taendstik cons. x
p 340 ·vowel ex
·FaT 1311, 1.84 ASHES
. F 474.
.11 (s)tei· - -
1 Grk. tephra dhegwh. .. p (1015)1016-7
12. Nice!. eldspyta ai-4
. p 240' p Ul)ll-2
2 Grk. spod6s cons. s„ d 13 (s)p(h)eud·
vowel ·ex' p 998-9
Bois 899 · 14 NHG streichholz ster-4
3 NG stachre stag- p 1028
· (Grk.' stMz9) B, P 1010 15 kel·3
4 Lat. cinis ken-2 P 54M
p 559-60 16 Lith. degtukas dhegwh- . ..
5 Ir. lUaith lou- p 240-1, 1.84
p 692 „ 17 Lett. serkuocin'š cons. x
6.Goth. azgo
as-
CWhRuss, s~ra) vowel i.xp 68-9 Fr. 783,
7 Lith. pelenai : pel·2 a Vas. 2.611,
p (801)802 Meh: 445
12
,.
The repetition oj phonemfo characteristics
18
19 ser. šibica 20 Pol. zapalka . 21 Russ, spička
(NHG spitze)
keu-2
· P 588-9, Fr. 306
·kseip·
p
625,vas.
3.396(pei-7) pol·
P 805, B (s)p(h)iii·l B, P 981 · .· . 2.1 MAN.
(Human· Being) 1 Grk. ahthropos. 1
2
· 3 Lat, bomo 4 Goth. manna.
5 Lett. cilveks
<Rus. čelovek)
6
7 Skt. purtis*a·
.8 Av. mašya-'
2.23 MALE .l. Grk. arsen
. 3 Rum. barbl'itesc (Byz; ,barbatos fr.
Lat. barbatits, barba) 4. Ir. · fer-
· 5 Br. gwaz 6 Goth. gumakunds
ner- 'anei'·l
·P 765, B :andh-
p
40-1 o'kw;. p 775-6 g-'hdem·
'p '414~5
manu- or monu, p 700, 1.1 kwel-3
B,
P640 weik-2 P 1128-9, B Vas, 3.312·cons. x vowel X Mh.-2.313 met'"'I =
5
p 735'
eres-2 p 336 cons. m 'vowel 11-' -WH 2.46
bhar·
.B 2.21, REW 946, i
p (108)110 wei·3 p (1123)1177-8
·u
sta-
P 1004, 1~06
g'hdem-·.
p 414-5, 2.1 13
7
8 ON karl-.
9 Dan. mandlig 10 OE wiiepned
11 Skt. ·. vfa*an- 12 Skt. pum•s- ..
13 Av. nairya-
g'en-1 p 373.4.
g'er~:
p 390-1 ,
· manu- or monu·
i:' 700, 1.1 cons. w, b vowel ex.
F..aT 1337, F 561 ··
au(e)':9 p 78-81 cons. p vowel ux Mh. 2,307 · ner- aner,1 p 765, 2.1 2.47 GRANDMOTHER
1 Gr_!5. tethe dhe-i, .redupL p 235.
2 Grk. · metros met~r · ma-3, ari.d
mamme redupl.
p 694, 700
3 Grk. annis an-1
.4 NG giagia 5 Lat.
/
avia 6 It. rionna ,
(cf. Lat. nonna)
• 7 Fr. grimd'(mere) fi-Rum. (mama) mare
(Lat. mas) 9 Rum. bunica
(Lat'. bonus) lQ Ir. sen<mathir) 11 Br.
12 ON.
13 ON
(mamm)goz fo*dur(modir) .aroma
..
P.36 cpns. x
vowel a; redupl.
Ii .
auo- P 89.
nanria
·· ninna nonna REW 5187, p 754' : gwrertdh- p 485;
·cons. m vowel a B, WH 2.46,.
2.23 ..
deu-2 B, P 218 sen( o)·
p 907·8 cons. kx : vowel X
B pater pa-
·P 829, B 2.35 am(m)a · p 36'
· iJ. Vodušek
r'
·-'- 14 Dan .. bedste(mor)' bhad· 16 ChSl. sirn cons.
x
p 106 vc;iwel jx
lf>.OE · eald(mčidor) al-2 ·' ' Vas. 2.628,
p 26, 1.1 Meh. 445
16
t>u.
-groot(moeder) gher-2 17 Skt. anatha· na-1p (439)460-1 p 754
17. Lith~ bobute* baba
p 91 2.82 li'AMILY
18 Lett vec(mate) wet~
P 1175, B 14.15 1 Grk; oikos weik'·, 19 Skt. (pita-)mahi· meg'(h)·
( oiko )genei,a
p 1131, 1.1
p 708 2 NG g'en-1
20 Av. · nyaka· COI).S. n '. B, P 37.3, 2.23
vowel i>; 3' Lat. ·aomus dem-
B . p 198-9
4 Lat. familia dhe-2 ·
2.75 ORPHAN' p 235-8, 2.75
5 Ir. teglach [s]teg-1
1 Grk. ori;>han6s p 1313
or.bho· 6. - . slougo·
- p 781 P965
2 Lat. · pupillus pou- 7 Goth. g_ards g'her-4
P 842, B 2-25 p (442)444, 1.1
, :p'0.-1.. p 827-8 8 ON hj~ k'ei-1
p 53940, 1.1. 1 -3 Ir. · dilecta (s)leig-
9 QE · (hi)red ar-1
P 961, :B P .55-60, B 2.33
4
w.
amddifad mii-2 P 6~3,B 10 §Cr. obitelj wei·3 P 1123-4, B5 Goth. widuwairria wi-1 · Vas. 1.205, 1.1
' p (1175) 1127-8, 11 ser. porodica werdh·
B 2.7§, 9.4.6 p •1167 '
6 dhe-2 12 Skt. kula- kwel-3
p (235 >i127·8 ~ 640, 2.1
. 7 Qfir fo*durlaus~ pater pa-· 13 Av. nafa- enebh·l
p 829, B. 2.35, p:31~.
2.47
8
~cii1-2
3.11 ANIMAL9 ON · mčidur(lauss) ma-3 . <Aiso Wild · Beast)
p
(694)700,2.47' l. Grk.· dzO*on . gw~i-3
10, Dan. foraeldre(l0s) a1-2 . .. P. 467~8,
J.i
. p 2!l, 1.1 2 Grk . ther g'hwer·.
11 OE steopcild , (s)teu-1 p 493
'•P 1032-4 3 NG. agrimi .-ag'.
12 gel-1 '(Grk. agriosl B, P 4-.6
. p 357-8 4 Lat . animal · an(()}3 . 13 OE (steop)barn · bher-1
, 5 Lat..
p ·38, i.8.7
. p 128, 1.87 bestia dheu-4
14 Lith. našlaitis nek'~ B; WH 1.10.2
P ,762, B 2.76 :P (261 )268-9
15 Lett. bari s · bher·3 Goth. dius p (261 )268-70
P 133-5, B Grk. dz6*pn = with iota subscriptum 14
' •'
The repetition oj phonemic characteristics·
6 l:t. ' bruto gwei-2 12 OE belistnian las~
(Lat. briltus) REW 1348,. P 654, B
p 476 13 OE (a)fyran peu-or pu-n-es
·1
rr.
rop ereu-2 P 828,' B, U7p (338)868-9, B 14 Nlj: cut ·· · ·cons. ·gx
, 8 Ir: mil melo- vowel ux
p 724 FaT 598, Hh. 43
9 Br. loen cons. l, ·t 15 NE alter al-1
vowel·ex . (Lat. alter) 1 Hh. 6, P ,24-5
LP 47 16
nu:
lu]:jben · 'Jeu-2: 10 Skt. pasu- pek'-2 - P < 6iit >690,
p 797 2.75 .
. 11 Skt.. · mr*ga- mer-2 p 7334, 17
Dti.
onti:nannen manu· or monu·12 Av. daitika- · ed-
p 287-9 p 700, l.J
· .13 Av. . xraf(,stra-) .krep-1 18 MHG versniden sneit·
! p 974
1,P 620 I
HI ~ith . . romyti · rem-
P 864, Fr, 742.•
3.14. CAST~ATE 20 Lett. ·rilnit ereu-2
l. Gr~. ektemno tem-1 (MLG rilrie) B; P (338)868,
p 1062 3.11
2 NG mounouchidzči · cons. - 21 ser; . štrojiti ster-5
=
4·(Grk. enqucl).os) · vowel X .. ' • p 1029-30,
B, Bois. ,295, · Vas. 3.29
-
F~isk 1.589 · 1.8722 Boh; vyklestiti kleik'·
3 seg'h: .'
B, P 888 P 602, Meh. 204
4 Lat. castrare k'es-. 23 Boh. vyi'ezati · wreg''.
. p 586 p 1181-2
5
Rum. scopi (s)kep-2 · 24 Pol. mniszyc · men-4· <dhSI. skopiti) (s)kap~etc.' . · °(OHG munih fr. Bruck. 341, B, P 930-2 MLat. i:nonicus -fr. Vas. 2.143,
Sp. cap ar ~a„ Grk. m6m:ichos, ·KM 485,
<Lat. capo) REW 1641, m6nos) p 728.
p 930-2 . 25 Pol. walaszyc corts.
w,
16 Rum .. jugani yeu-2 .(NHG wanach•
=
vowel ex(Lat. jugum) B, P508 OHG wal(a)ch
=
Bruck. 600,7 Nir. coillim kel-3 Celt. Volcae) KM 836,
P 545-7; B, l.87 FaT 1346
8W. disbaddu sp(h)ei-2 • . 26 Pol. . trz'ebic ter-3
(Lat. spadči fr. sp(h)e- p 1071,
Grk. spadčin) B, WH 1.565, Brilck. 579,
p 982 Vas. 3,9~ f.
9 ON gel da g'hel'.2 27 Russ. cholostit'. cons. K, .1
p 434 vowel ex
10 Dan. skaere (s)ker-4' Vas. 3.257,
,P 938-9· Meh. 156
nsw. snopa sna- . 28 Skt. vadh~ wedh·l
sn-eu- p. 1115
P 971, FaT 1099; 29 Skt. bhifi- bheid·
KM;673 p 116.
15
B. Vodušek
3.44 MARE 7 Skt. bhramara- bher·4
1 Grk. hippos he ek'WO• · 8 skt.
p
(135)142ali· ardi·
p 301 p 63
2 NG phorada bher-1
(Grk. phoras)
:B, 'P
128·9, 1.87 3; -85 SNAKE '3 It. cavalla cons."K, P(Lat. caballus. of -- vowel X 1 Lat. anguis · __ angw(h)i·
Anatolian br Bal- . B, WH 1.125 Grk. 6phis, echis -e·
kan origin) p 43
4 Fr. jument / yeu-2 2 Lat. serp~ns _ serp·,
(Lat. juinentum) p 508-16; 3.14 p 912
5 Ir. Iair cons~ 1 3 Lat. colubra [s]kel-4
vowel ex p 928
;B'- 4 Ir. nathir [s]ne-
6
w.••
caseg k'iik·l - '' p (973)767p 522 5 Gothi waurms· wer-3-
7 ON merr marko· p 1152 .\
p 700 6 ON - ~nakr sneg·
80N hross [s]ker-2 ~ 3 p 974,
P- 933-4 FaT 109-S -
9 Dan. hoppe .keu-2 7 Dan. slange slenk· · s~eng
p 588~90, 1.87 (MLG slange_) p 961
10 sw. -sto sta· 8· Lith. gyvate• gwei-3
P, 1004-7, 2.23 P 467-9,
'u
11 Lett. k'eve k'ei·l 9 Lith. faltys g'he1-1.
P 539-40, B, 1.1 - p 429-30
· 12 Boh .. klisna -kwelp-i 10 Lett. čuska cons. x
klUP: vowel-ux
p 630,. B
Meh. 205, 11 ChSI. zmija g'hdem-
Vas. L575 p, 414-5, 2.1
13 Pol. klacz -• kleng-kl~nk· -- 12 Boh. h!i.d - gwou·
(Russ. kljača) Briick;-:231, p -4~3-4, 1.214
vas; 1.577, 13.Skt'.
1'
uraga- wer-9,
p 603 p 11~5
14 gwa-
3.82 BEE gwjlm·
P. 463, 1)1 --
1 Grk. m~lissa meli-
p 723-4 4.11 BODY
2 Lat. apis cons. P
vowel X 1 Grk. soma teu-
WH 1.57 p 1080
3 Rum . albin~ au-lo- · 2 tat. corpus ktep·l
. (Lat; alvearium) REW 393, 'p 620, 3.11
p 88-9 3 Ir. colinn it'el-4
pr.
· bech bhei- p 553, ;B ,'p 116 :(s)kel-1
5
w.
gwenynen wa~1 p 923-4wen•. 4 Goth. leik (leig'.)-2 lig-
P 1108, B p 667
6 ON (by)f~uga 1 pel·~- - 5 ON .Oik)amr k'em-3
p (798)835-7 ·p 556-7
16
~ ...
'I'he repetitton ol pfwnemic characterisUcš
6 Dan,. krop ger-3 12 ON bar k'er[s-}1
p 385-9 p 583
7 OE bodig b(e)u-2 bh(e)u- 13 OE feax pek'-2
(MLat. bilttis fr. B,, P 98-9, p 797, 3.11
Grk. butine) Bois. 829, 14 Lith .. plaukas pleuk·
Ftisk 1.278
. :pu-? p 837
p 99 15 Lith. gauras gen-
\ .lei-3 p 393-8
8MHG lip
p (662) 670, : 16 Lett: mats me-3 m-et •.
B 4.74, 1.214 P 703, Fr. 414;
:leibh; Vas. 2.164
p 670· 17 1ett: sp'alva (s)p(h)el-1
9 Lith. kuna:s .keu-2 . p 985-6
p .588, B, 1.87 18 ser. kosa ·kes-
10 Lett. miesa memso- p 585
p 725
19 ser. dlaka d, l
11 ebSl. telo CO!J.S. t . cons.
vowel ex
vowel ex · Bern. 208
Vas. 3.91
kesa-
12 Skt. tanu- ten-1 20 Skt. kaik'- or
koik'·
p 1065 p 520
13 Skt. de ha- dheig'h·
21. Skt., ereu-f
·p 244 roman-
p (338)868, 3.11 4.14 HAIR
1 Grk. thriks dhrigh- 4.45 LIVER
.P 276
2 Grk. k6me cons. k, m 1 Grk. hepar yekW. r*(t}
vowel. ex yekw"n-es
Bois. 4~9, p 504
Frisk 1.908 f. 2 NG sukoti cons. K
3 NG mallia mel-7 . (Grk. sukon) vowel ux
(Grk. maJ16s) p 721. Bois. 924
4Lat. papillus kap- [ut-] etc, 3 Ir. oa cons. ~
p 529 vowel ux
5 Lat. crinis [s]ker;3 B
p 935-7 4 Ir. trommcl;lride ter-3
6 Lat. pilus .pi-Io- p (1071 )1095,
p 830 ' : 3.14
7 Ir. folt wel·4 5 (k'ered-) k'red-.
p 1139 p 579-80
8 Ir. find wendh-3 6 ON lifr lei-3
p 1148 p (662)670, 504;
9 Nlr. gruaig c'ons. gx, r 1.214
1 ' vowel X . 7 Lith. kepenys pekw·
B p 798
10 Goth. tagl dek'-2 8 ChSI. j~tro en-1
p 191 p 311-4
11 Goth. skuft (.s)keup-
p 956 IE yekw. r*[t]- :"" with syllabic r.
17 .
B. Vodušek
4.96 DUMB . 5.11 EA'.1'
1 nrk. koph6s· cons. kx, P . 1 Grk. edo ed·
. vowel ex p 287,-3.ll
Bois. 452, 2 Grk. ephagon(aoi'.) bhag- 1
Frisk 2.64 p 107
:kabh- kobh- 3 NG trogo ter-3
P 634, B B, P 1071-3,
2 Grk. aphonos . bhii.·2 3.14
p.105 4 It.· mangiare. menth-2
3NG boub6s cons. b (Lat. manducare, REW 5292,
(Grk. b6b6s) vowel ex mandere) p 732
4 Lat. . mutus 'p 751 mu·l 5 lr. ithim pei<a
>·
p 793-4
5 Ir. amlaba:r plab- 6
w.
bwyta gwei-3p 831 p 467-8, 1.1
6 Ir. balb baba- 7 Br. dfbri cons. kw, r
(Lat. balbus) B, P 91, .2.47 vowel X
7 Goth. bauths· bhau-1 B
p 112 .
8 Goth. matjan mad-
8 Goth. dumbs · dheu-4 'p 694-5
p 261'4, 3.11 9 Dan. spise (s)pen-(d):l
9 Dan. stum· stem- (MLG spise fr. FaT 1124,
(MLG stum) FaT 1189 f., MLat. spesa fr. p 988 p 1021
Lat. expensa) 10 Lith; nebylys bhel-6
10 Lith. valgyti welk-2 welg·
p '123
bežadis cm;is: gx, dx p 1145
11 Litp..
11 Russ. ltušat' g'eus- vowel ex
ME 4.678 (Goth. kausjan) Vas~ 1.710, p 399-400
12 Lett. me ms me-
ak'·l (Bal to-Slav., B, Fr. 492 12 Skt. aš- ·
Imitative) p 18
13 Av, afravaoča- \Vekw- 13 Skt. bhuj- bheug-4
p 1135 p 153
14 Skt. ghas- gh\'is-
l' 452
4.99 NAKED, BARE: 15 Av. xvar- swel-[k}l
p 1045
1 Grk. gumn6s nogw.
p 769
2 Rum. gol gal-~ 5.14 HUNGER (sb.)
(Slav. golo) B, P 349
( el-ei-) lei-2
3 Ir. lomm • Jeu-2 1 Grk. lim6s
p (681 )690-1, p 661
2.75 2 Grk. peina (s)pen-(d)·l
·4 ON berr bhes·l p 988, 5.11
p (145)163, .3 Lat'. fames dhe,3
1.84 p 239
5 Du. .bloot bhleu-2 4 Ir. . gorte gwher-
p 159 p 493-4, 1.52
6 ·Lett. p!ili:s plei· 5 Nlr. ocras kii·
p 834 P 515, B
7 Lett. kails koi-lo- 6 W.·. newyn niiu-2
p 610 p 756
·18
'l'he repetition oj phonemic characteristics
7 Goth. hiihrus 8 Goth . . greduS 9 Lith. alki s 10 Lith. badas 11 ChSI. glad o 12 Skt. ks*udll· '
'
,5.56 GRIND 1 Grk. ale5
2 Lat. molere 3 It. macinare
(VLat: *machi·
nare, Lat. machi- na fr. Grk. ina- chana) 4 OE grindan
· 5 Skt. (pis*-)
5.89 BUTTER 1 Grk: bouturon 2.
3 Sp. manteca
· (Pre-Rom. •man- taica)
4 Rum. unt (Lat'. unctum)
/
5 ON smjo*r 6 Lith. sviestas 7 ser. maslac
·. 8 Skt. ghr*ta- 9 Skt. navanita- '
keilk·2 p 565 . g'her·l
p 440-1 el-7 p 307 bhedh-2 P 114, B, Fr. 29 gheldh·
p 434 cons. K, s vowel ux Mh .. 1.291
al·i>
p 28 mel·l ··
p 716 magh·
REW 5206, p 695 gher-2 p (439)459, 2.47 (peis)·l pis- P 796
gwou·
p 482 teu·
P 1080-3, 4,11 mantaika REW 5324 a ongw.
REW 9057, p 779 smer(u)- p 970 sweid· , p. 1043 mag'·
p 696 gherto- p 446 neuo- p 769
10
·11 Av. raoghna-
5 .. 93 BEER ' 1 Grk. 'brfrtos
(Thrank. brutos) 2 Grk. dzfrthos 3 NG mpfra
· (It. birra fr. MHG bier fr. MLat. bi·
ber, Lat. bibere)
4 Lat. cervesia ( Celt,, represen- ted by late Grk;
kerbesia) 5 Ir. laith 6 Nir. lionn
. 7 ON o*l 8 Skt. yavasura- 9
nei-1
p
760reugh-m(e)n- , 'p 873
bher-2 p (132)143-4 yeu-1 P 507, B pii(i)·2 REW 1089, KM 75, Job. 953, p 839-40 :b<e>u-2, bh(e>U- P 98-101 ker(a),3 P 571-2: B lat·
p 654, 1.214' pel·l Pp98-800, B 5.13, 1.33, 3.82 - alU•
p 33 yeUO·
'p 512
~eu:1
p 912-3' 6.11 CLOTHE, DRESS 1 Grk. ennumi wes.·5
p 1172
·2 .Grk. endU.5 deu;l P217 3 Lat. indliere eu-2
p 346 4 Fr. habiller bhei8·
(Gali. *bilia) REW 1104, p 117 '5 Rum. imbr0aca · bhreg'·l
(Gailo-Lat. bra- REW .1252, 9ae, braccae fr. p 165 .Gmc. *brok-)
6 Ir. intuigur [s]teg-1 p 1013, 2.82
19
B. Vodušek
~1 Nir. c6irighim .wer-8 4 Lat: textum tekth·
P· 1164, p 1058,
B 16.73, 16.66 . 5 It. stoffa steil8·
:wer-11 (Lat. stuppa fr. REW 8332,
p 1165·6 Grk. stuppe) p 1035
8'W. dilladu. cons. 1 6 Fr. drap der-4
vowel ex (Lat. drappus) _ REW 276s,,
~ p 206-11
9 ON klaeda gel·l 7 Rum. postav
sta·
p 357-64, 2.75 (Slav. posta~'h) B, P 1004-8,
10 OE scirydan (s)ker-4 2.23
p 938-47 81:r. breit bher-7
3.14 P 137, B ''·
11 OE gewaedian au·5 9 Nir. eadach [s]teg·l
p 75-6 p 1013-4, 2;82
12 ME . dresse reg',1 10 Br. mezer mii-3
( OFr. dresser fr. Hh. 52 (Lat. materia) B, P (694)700-1,
VLat. *directiare, p 854-5; 2.47,
Lat. directus) B 12.73 11 ON klaedi gel-1'
13 Lith.: apvilktl welk·l p 357-64, 2.75
12 ON dilkr . cohs. dh p 1145 (MLG dok,. duk); ' vowel ex
14 Lfth. apre*dyti ar-1 - FaT 164,
(OWhRuss. red) Fr. 711, Joh. 975,: ·
p 55-60, . KM 795·
B 19.31, 2.82 13 Dan. t0i, deuk·
. 15 Lith. aprengti wer-3 (MLG ti,i*g[-ch]) Fat 1314 f„
p 1152-4,
p
220-1Fr. 719, 3.85 14 Du. !aken· (s )leg· (s)leg"
16 Lith. apdaryti der8· P. 959-60
P ·212,·B, Fr. 83 15 :Yith. miias mel-7
17 Lith .. apgerbti gwer(8)·4 p 721, 4.14
p 478, 16 Lith. gelumbe* g'hel-
B, (Fr. 1477) ghel·l
18ehS1. odeti dhe'-2 /p 429-31, 3.85
p 235-7, 2.75 . 17 Lett .. (vad)mala me-3 m-et;
19 Boh. ošatiti sk'ed· (Sband. vadmal) B, P 703-4, 4.14 (Gmc. *Mtaz) Vas. 3.378, 18 ehSl. plat'h pel8·
p 919 vas. 2.366
20 Pol. ubra6
~hgt31;
P (8p5)833, B: (s)p(h)el-1
Briic!t. 591, · p 985-6
1,87' ·19 ehSl. sukno. seu-3
P914
6.21 eLOTH 20 ehSl. r&b'h remb·
' p 864~5
1 Grk. hllphasma au-5· 21 ser.- čoha čoh*a
'p (75 )1114, (Tk,. čoh*a) Lok. 435 B 6.33, 6.11 22 ser: la tak cons. 1
2 Grk. :hrakos wer.7 vowel ex
p 1163 Vas. 2.17,
3NG pa ni pan· Meh. 259
(Lat. pannus) B, P 788 .MLG t(l,*g
=
with vowel length 20' ' '
The repetifion of phonemic characterisUcs .
23 Pol. chusta (MLat. fusta:num- fr. Arab. Fust~at*
fr. Grk. phossaton .ft. Lat. fossatum) 24 Skt. · vasana-
6.47 APRON 1.NG. podia.
(Byz. podea, Grk. polis) 2 It. grembiule
(Lat. gremium) 3 Fr. tablier
(Lat: tabula)
·4 Sp. delantal (MLat. abante, Lat. ante) 5 Rum. s*ort*
(NHG schurz) 6 __ Nir, · apriin
<Ne apron fr.
OFr. naperon, nape fr. Lat.
mappa, of Punic origin)
7 Nfr. • praiscin 8 W. (ar.>ffedog 9 W. barclod
(ME barm-cloth)
· 10
11 Br. diaraogenn
12 ON (svunta) ,13 Du. · voorschoot
bhedh-1 Vas. 3.279 Lok. :621, p 113 wes-5 p 1172, 6.11 .
.ger-1 REW 3861, p 382-3 tel-2 REW 8514, P' 1061, B 7.44, 9.52,
ant-.
REW 4335;
p 48-9 . (s)ker-4 B, P 938-41, 3.14 . . pons, M, P vowels X, X, B, ·wH 2.36'
cons. r vowel ex B cons. r
•vowel ex 'B
bher-1 B, P 128-31, 1.87 gel·l . B, P 357:54,
2.75 .
per-2 p 810'.15, B (diaraog), LP 6, 44, 214 ,<ar:aoc) swento- P 01048, B (s)keu-5 p ( 954 )955-6
14 Lith, prijuoste*
/ .
·15 Lett. priekšauts · 16 ser. pregača
17 ser. kecelja (Hung. · kecele) 18 Boh. zas~era
19 Pol. fartuch '(NHG vortuch)
yeu-2 p (508)513, Fr. 198, 3.14 eu-2 p 346,.
:Fr. 27, 6.11 (s)pher·l = 2 p (992) 996-8, Vas. 2.454, VUk 586,. 199, 416, 728 -kecele
·B ster-5 = 4 · p 1029-30 Meh. 482: ·
1.s7
cons. dh' vowel ex·
BrUck, 118, Vas. 3.202, 6.21.
6.93 RAZOR 1 Grk. ksur6n 2. It. railoio
CMLat. rasorium, Lat. r~dere) · 3 Rum. briciu
· (Slav': bričb) 4 Ir. altan
5 Dan. . barberkiliv ('MLG barberei: fr.
Fr. barbier fr.
MLat. bai:barius;
Lat. bar:ba> · 6
7 Sw. rak(knif) 8 OE scearseax·
9
10 Du. . (scheer)mes ·
· 11 Lett. · (bai'das)nazis
CRuss.
nož) ·21
kes-
P. 585-6, 4.14 · riid·2 , REW 7076,
p 854_ . bher-3
B,
P (133)166, 2.7,5pel-3a P Bo2 B :(s)pCh)el-1 p 986 bhar·
Joh. 946, FEW ,1.243 f ..
p (108)110, 2.23 gen·
'p 370 reg'·l p 854-6, 6.11 . (s)ker-4 p 938-9, 3.14 sek-2 -P 895 mad·
p •694-5, .5.11 neg'h·
B _ 9.23, P '760
(
B, Vodušek
6.96 MIRROR 7 It. stare di casa
(Lat. stare) 1 Grk. katoptron. okw·
p 775-6, 2.1 " 8 (Lat. casa) 2 Lat. speculum spek'·
p 984
3 Fr. miroir [s]mei·l 9 Rum. locui
CVLat. miratorium; REW 5603, U:Iung. lak) Lat. :i;nirare) p 967. lO·Rum. s~edea
4 Rum. oglinda* g'hel-1 (µat: sedere)
<Slav. ogl~dati) B, P 429-31, -
3.85 11 Rum. trai
5 Ir. scathan skot-·
p 957 >-
6W. drych derk'-
p 213 12 Ir.
7 Goth ... skuggwa . (s)keu-2
p 951 13 Nir. aitighim
8 ON (skugg)sja sekw-2=1·
p 897-8,• 14
w.
trigiannuJob. 779 (Lat. tricari) .„
9 OHG (scU)car cons. K,
s
15w.
preswylio(Of uncertain Near vowel a (Lat,. pressus,
East origin) FaT 1041), premere)
F 308, KM 350, 16 Br. chom LQk. 1105 (Fr .. chomer fr.
10 Lith. veidrodis w(e)id·2 Grk. kauma)
p 1125-6
17 Goth. ,bauan
ll ar-1
p 55·60,
18 OE wunian B 15.55, 18.21, . ·
2.82
. 19 OE eardian 12 Lett. spuogulis -sp(h)eng·
p 989
13 ChSl, zrbcalo . g'her-3 20 ME dwelle
·p 441-2
14 Skt. - darpan•a- der(ep)- 21 ME live p 212
.7.11 DWELL
22 J'.,ett.' majuot
1 Grk. oikeo weik'· (Est. maja).
p 1131, 1.1 23 ChSI; obitati
2 NG kathomai es-
(Grk .. kathemai) B, P 342
3 Lat. .habitare ghabh· 24 Pol. mieszkac p 407-8
4 Lat" incolere kweI-1 2(i p 639
5 Lat. vi vere gwei-3
p 467-9, 1.1 . 26 Skt. va.s- 6 It. dimorare [s]mer.
(Lat. demorafi) REW ~552, 27 Skt. ks*i- B, P ~69
22.
·sta- REW 8231, p 1004, 2.23 kat-1
~EW 1728, p 534 lak B sed- REW '7780, p 8845 cons . .-
t,
r vowel ex B, .Brtick. 578, Meh 538 treh·p 1090 pent-
P 808, B 12.11 ter-3
:B,
P 1071, 3.14 per-3B, P 818-9 k'eu-2 · B, REW 1779, p 595 ' bheU•
p 146-9, 1.1
0wen•l .- P 1146-7 . ar(O)·
P 62,.B dheu-4 p 261-6, 3.11 lei-3 p (662) 670, B 4.74, 1.214 ' :'ieibh- · p 670 maja B wei-3 P. 1123-4,. B, V.as. 1.205, 1.1 medhu'·
'p 707 ed- Brtick. 335, p 287-8, 3.11 wes-1 p 1170 kthe(i)- kthei:
p 626
· The repetition oj phonemic characteristics
. 7.14 TENT 1 Grk. skene
2 NG tenta CMLat. tenta, Lat. tendere) 3 Lat. tabernaculum · 4 It. padiglione
<Lat. papilio) 5.Rum. cort , .
(Byz. k6rte fr. Lat.
cors, cohors) · 6 Rum. s*atr:a ·
(Tk. čatyr, čadyr
fr. NPers. č!idir) 7 Br. teit
COE teld)
a
.Br. tinellCFr. · tonnelle fr.
Gall: tunna) 9 Goth. hleithra.
· 10 Lith. palapine*
11 ChSl. k&šta 12 Boh. stan 13 Pol. namiot .
sk'iii·
p 917 ten-1 B, P l065-6, 4.U treb- P 1090, 7.11 pel-1 REW 621, p 798-801, 3.82 g'her-4 B, P 442, 1.1 sk'ed·
Lok. 380, Abaiev 1.292, Mh. 11.403, 6.11 del-2 · B, P 193 cons. t.
vowel ux
'.a,
REW 8986 k'el~2 p (552)600-1'lep· '
P 679, Fr. 340 [s]keu-2 p ' 951-2, 6;96 sta·
p 1004-8, 2.23 me-3 m-tit- P 7034, B, 4.i4 14 Russ; palatka cons. p, 1
(Byz. palation fr. vowel a Lat. palatium, of Vas. 2.30( 391,
Pre,Indo-Europ~an PW XVIII, 3, origin) · p. 21, 22, 97 15 Skt. vastra(gr*ha-> ·• wes-5.
p 1172, 6.11 7.26 FLOOR
5 Lat. pavimentum 6 Lat. solum · 7 Fr. plancher
(Late Lat ... planca)
8 Rum. .pardosea1a, - (Grk. pardos fr.
Iranian, of un- certain origin) · 9 Rum. dus*umea
(Tk. došeme) 10 ON golf
lLOHG dilla , 12 OHG astrih
(MLat. astracum fr. Grk. '6stra!ton) . 13 OHG arin
· 14 NHG (fuss)boden 15 .Lith. asla 16 Lett. grida '17 Boh. podlaha 18 Russ. pol . 19 Skt. · bhilmi-
peu- P 827 swel-3 p i046 pelCl·
REW 6455, p (805)831, B 9.52, 6.21 :bhel-5 REW 6455, p 122, WH 2.315, 299 cons. p, Ir vowel X Mh. 2.335, 301 ti:iš·
Lok; S34 cons.
K,
1 vowel ex FaT 361, Joh. 386 tel-2 p 1061, 6.47 ost(h)- KM 176, p 783as-
p 68, 1.84 bhud-m(e)n-:P
174 cons.x .·
vowel ex Fr. 18 ghrendh·
p 459 del-3.
p 194~6 [s]p(h)el-1 p 985, Vas. 2.390, 4.14
bheu- ·
p 146-7, 1.1
. 1 Grk. . edaphos cons. d 7.43 CHAIR
2 Grk. dapedon 3
4 NG. patoma
·(Grk. pato)
vowel ex' Bois. 215, 726, rrisk 1.441 f.
dem·
P.198, 2.82 pM-2 p 790-1, 6.47 pent·
B1 P 808-9, 7,11 .
23
1 Grk. hedra 2 Runi~ scaun · '
(Lat. scamnum) 3 Goth. stols
· sed- P 884-6, 7 .11 skabh·
B,
P
916 stel-3 P 1019, B·:sta-.
p 1004·7
/
•· I
B. Vodu'šek
4 Lith. kre•slas 5 Lith. ke*de* · (Esth. kedr) . , 6 Skt. pit*ha
7 Av. ga tu-
kred·
p 617 kedr B cons. p vowel ix B
gwa;. gwem- .. p 463,, 1.1 7:46 CANDLE
1 NG keri (Grk .. kerion) _ 2 Lat. candela
3 Fr. bougie
· (Arab., Bug'aja) 4-Sp. vela·
· (Lat. vigilareJ 5 Rum. luminare
· (Lat .. lilminare, lumen)
kiir·
B,
:E'
532 kand··p 526 Bug'llja . l=i.EW 1375,
Lok. 340 weg'·
REW 9326, p 1117 le uk·
REW 5162, 5161, P687, 1.1 , 6 ON kerti cons. K,
R, T
(Lat,o cli:arta, Grk. vowels X,
·x
charti:is, .of Egyptiat). · Joh. 1047,
origin) Bois. 1052,
7 oE tapor ..
(Lat. papyrus, : Grk.
papilros, of Egyp- tian origin) · 8 Lith. žvake*
„ 9 Lett. svece (slav.• svetia)
PW III, p. ·2186. ff.
cons. P,. P, R.
vowels X, X Hh. 172, Bois. 746, PW XVIII, ,3, p. 1116 .ff, .g'hwiikW•
. p 495 k'eu-2._
B, P (594)628-9, 1.1
8.11 FARMER 1 Grk. ge5rg6s
2
3 NG ch5rik6s
·(Grk. ch5ra)
cons. gx vowel .X llois. 146, Frisk. 1.303
werg'·~
p 1168 g'hii-1 ghei- B, P 418-9
' 24
4 Lat. agricola 5
6 It. contadino (Lat. comes, ·itis) 7 Fr. paysan
(Lat .. pagus) 8 Sp. labrador
(Lat. laborare) 9 Rum. t*·aran
· (Lat. terra) 10 Ir. briugu 11 Nlr. · feirmeoir
(NE farmer fr.
Anglo-Fr. {ermer fr. MLat. firmari-
1 us, Lat, firmus) 12 Br. gounideg 13 Br. kouer
C OFr. coillier
fr:
Lat. colligere) 14 Goth. airth5s
(waurstwja) 15 ON- bondi 16 ON (akr)madr 17 ON (akr)gerdar·
(madr)
18
Dan. . dyrker19 Dan. land(mand) ag'·
p 4-6, 3.11 kwel·l p 639, 7.11 ei·l.:
REW 2078, p 293-5 pak'- pag'·
REW 6145, '.p 787-8
Ieb- liib· etc.
• 0
REW 4810;
' p 655, 1.214.
ters·
REW 8668, p 1078 mereg'·
P 738, B dber-2
B,
P 252-3g'en·l P 373, B 8.15, 9.11, 2.23 , leg'·
B; REW 2048, p 658
er-4 'p 332.
bheu• · · . P 146-~49,
u ·
nianu· or moim·
p 700, 1.1 gwher'.
P 493-4, B, Joh. 418 ff . 1.52 :er-3 p 326-31, 494 cons. dh vowel ux FaT 172 f„
Joh. 500 len,dh•3
p
675 (jord)brukare bhriig·.p 173 21 ·.oE , (eor"Hilia
22 ME hus(bonde)
ad·2 . P 3, B 8.15
[s]keu:2 (ON hUsb5ndi)
:E'
Qtil-3, _6.96 'The repetition oj phottemic characteristics
\ \
23 OHG (accar)bigango g'hengh·
p 438 24 Lith. iikininkas
,25'Lith. laukininkas 26 Lett. zemniek_s 27 ChSI. delatelh 28 .ChSI. t~žatelh
29' ser. ratar 30 ser. seljak . 31 Boh. sedlak
euk·
p 347 le uk~
p 687-9, 1.1 gh'dein- P 414-5, 2.1 dhe-2 ' p 235-8, 2.75 ten·l p ( 1065 )1067' 4.11:-- ar(
8)·
p 62-3, 7.11 -seM ·
p 898 sed;
p 884-6,
·Meh. 441, .7.11
\
· \ . 32 Pol. ol>lop
\
33 Russ·. krest'janin
eon·s. K, 1 vowel ex vas. 3.257, Meh. 156 gher-2 . (OHG. ehristjarti
\
fr. Grk .. e. hr'istianos, chr'istos)
34 Skt. ks*etra(kar·.
' . · s*aka-) '.
1B5 Skt. (ks~etra)pati·
.! .
!35 Av. vastrya- _
Vas. 1.662, p (439)457,
2.~7-
kth~.W- kthei·'' p 626, 7.11 poti·
p 842 wes-2
7 Rum. hambar (Tk. ambar fr.
NPers. anbar) 8 Ir. saball
(Lat. stabulum) 9 Nir. sCiobčil 10 W. ysgubor
- CVLat. scoparium, Lat. $copa) 11 Goth. bansts · 12·0N hlada 13 OE · be;rern 14
, 15, Lith. _ daržine•
16 ChSI. žitbnica - 17 Av. yavan-
pel-1 Lok. 77, I;Iilbschmann Ll,78, p 798, 3.82 sta•
B, P 1004-7,, 2.23 cons. s, Jcx vowel X B . . (s)kep·2 (s)kap:etc. · B, ·,p p30-2, 3.14 bhendJl- · p 127
k,a. ·
P 599, Joh. 273 bhares- p 111 erB.-2 , · P 338-9, Hh. 14
· dher-2
P 252-4, Fr. 83,.
s.11 •·
:g'her-4·
p (442)444, B 8.13 gwei·3 p 467-8, Vas. 1.426, 1.1 yeuo- . p 512, 5.93 P-· 1171
8.43 WHEAT 8.14 _BARN
1,Grk. s'itobolčin ·eons. x vowel X Bois. 866
2 gwel·2
p 471-2
·3 Grk; .. apotheke dhe-2 , p 235-6, 2.75
·4 Lat. horreutn cons. X
vowel X WH 1.659 5 ;Lat. , granaria g'er·.
p 390, 2.23 6 Rum. :s*u11!t (s)keu-2
(J.VIHG sehiure, B, 951,. 6.96 sehiir)
· 1 Grk. pur6s . 2; NG sitos 3 Lat. trrticum.
4 It. frutnento (Lat;, frumentum) 5 Fr. ble
(Frank. *blad) 6 Ruril. griu
(Lat. granum) 'l Ir. cruitnecht
. 25
· pii-ro;
p 850 eons.
x
vowel X Bois. 866, 8.14 ter,3p 1071, 3.14
· bhriig-
P
173, 8.11 bhel-4= 3 REW 1160, . p 122 . , g'er·:B,
p 390, 2.23· cons. ki, r vowel X B