II. MOBILITY
3.2 Internal migration between statistical regions, 1991–2006
3.2.1 Migration between regions by educational structure of the population, 1991–2002
Data on migrations by educational structure between the last two censuses reveal an increased immigration of highly educated population to the Osrednjeslovenska region, which is no surprise. Even before 2002, this region
3.2.1 Migration between regions by educational structure of the population, 1991–2002
Human capital is, in addition to natural resources, infrastructure, etc., a decisive factor of regional development. Regions with a better educated population (longer average duration of formal education, higher share of people with a high education) supposedly have higher GDP per capita, individuals with higher education have higher incomes, and there are also certain benefits for the region (a better state of health of the population, etc.). At the 2002 census, the highest average number of years of schooling of the population aged 15 or over was achieved by the Osrednjeslovenska region (see Figure 13), which also had the highest GDP per capita among all Slovenian regions; the other extreme was Pomurska.
The Osrednjeslovenska region had the largest share of population with a higher education and the lowest share of population that attained only a primary education or less.
The correlation coefficient between GDP per capita and the average number of years of schooling shows that the two are strongly related (R2 = 0.7485). The relation between the availability of highly educated labour and the regional economy is mutual. The economy’s demand for highly educated labour force in a certain region attracts this population to move to such a region, while the need to establish educational institutions and programmes in the region may be very attractive for the business sector.
At the regional level, there may be disparities between the availability of and demand for staff with a certain Figure 49: Average number of years of schooling of the population aged 15 or over (2002 census) and GDP per capita by region, 2002
Osrednje-slovenska
Obalno-kraška
Gorenjska Total
Podravska Goriška Savinjska
Zasavska Koroška
Notranjsko-kraška Spodnje posavska Jugovzhodna
Slovenija
Pomurska 8
10 12 14 16 18
10.0 10.2 10.4 10.6 10.8 11.0 11.2
GDP per capita, current prices, in EUR thousand
Average number of years of schooling Source: SORS; calculations by IMAD.
Map 2: Emigration of the population with higher education between the 1991 and 2002 censuses by region (population aged over 15 covered by both censuses)
Source: SORS, SMARS, calculations and mapping by IMAD.
35
216
126
42 72
107 197
24
601 131
26
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
7
25 6
6 19 476 2
12 31
49
43 Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
10
28
5 29 37
34 8
9 790 6 48
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
6
29
10 6
28
27 640 5
97
28 73
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
35 25
16
20
48
38
204
31 694
47
12
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
5
21
24
19 49
5
580 29
13
4
36 Jugovzhodna Slovenija
Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
Map 2: Emigration of the population with higher education between the 1991 and 2002 censuses by region (population aged over 15 covered by both censuses)
Source: SORS, SMARS, calculations and mapping by IMAD.
10 8
3 13
13
282 1
4 27 13
119
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
3
0 7
6 12 0 14
202
6 20
49
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
41 26
9 49
27
628 9
16 29
123
43
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
18 4 8
10
15
11
5 241
95
3 71
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
10 8
12
5
3 248
6
28
7 41
Jugovzhodna Slovenija62 Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
2
9 7
2 11
7
12
4
1
212 30
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
Map 3: Emigration of the population with at most primary education between the 1991 and 2002 censuses by region (population aged over 15 covered by both censuses)
82
89
96
134 76
179 521
19
377 194
185
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
6
21 1
5 16 54 1
15 15
61
77 Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
40
41
41 66 24
40 7
10 221 10 86
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
12
8
5 1
5
7 67 3
61
32 55
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
20 10
5
40
21
35
210
225 89
75
73
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
13
7
5
13 29
0
178 21
14
7
132 Jugovzhodna Slovenija
Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
Source: SORS, SMARS, calculations and mapping by IMAD.
Map 3: Emigration of the population with at most primary education between the 1991 and 2002 censuses by region (population aged over 15 covered by both censuses)
Source: SORS, SMARS, calculations and mapping by IMAD.
13 11
3 17
12
52 2
2 22 2
194
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
5
0 2
3 3 1 4
95
14 20
57
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
22 14
6 20
20
70 9
24 66
200
262
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
3 2 3
4
19
7
4 17
61
1 102
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
9 4
14
6
2 43
1
9
10 73
Jugovzhodna Slovenija106 Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
7
8 2
1 8
17
66
10
1
56 98
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska
Savinjska Koroška
Podravska Pomurska
Goriška Gorenjska
Obalno-kraška
Spodnjeposavska
Notranjsko-kraška
permanent emigration. The intense concentration of economic activities100 in the Osrednjeslovenska region is also demonstrated by other data. In 2002, about 45% of the companies had their registered seats in the Osrednjeslovenska region, employing almost one third of the labour force, and generating over 42% of the total revenue of Slovenian companies and over 46% of net profit for the financial year. The consequence of such Table 58: Migration of population with post-secondary
vocational and higher education between the 1991 and 2002 censuses, by region
Popu-lation that stayed
in the region
Emi-gration
Immi-gration
Net
migra-tion Net
migra-tion, in %
Pomurska 7,269 638 248 –390 –4.9
Podravska 2,6773 1,292 963 –329 –1.2
Koroška 5,316 628 217 –411 –6.9
Savinjska 18,811 1,520 802 –718 –3.5
Zasavska 3,241 405 127 –278 –7.6
Spodnjeposavska 4,257 579 281 –298 –6.2
Jugovzhodna
Slovenija 9,476 1,039 620 –419 –4.0
Osrednjeslo-venska 63,732 2,401 6,184 3,783 5.7
Gorenjska 18,268 1,323 1,340 17 0.1
Notranjsko-kraška 3,653 431 395 -36 -0.9
Goriška 10,555 1,195 439 -756 -6.4
Obalno-kraška 10,622 915 750 -165 -1.4
Source: SORS; processed in 2008; calculations by IMAD.
Note: Population covered by both censuses and aged over 15.
Table 59: Destination preferred by the population with post-secondary vocational and higher education
First preference Second preference
Region destination in % destination in %
Pomurska Osrednjeslovenska 4.4 Podravska 2.3
Podravska Osrednjeslovenska 2.6 Savinjska 0.6
Koroška Osrednjeslovenska 5.0 Podravska 2.1
Savinjska Osrednjeslovenska 4.1 Podravska 1.3
Zasavska Osrednjeslovenska 7.7 Savinjska 1.3
Spodnjeposavska Osrednjeslovenska 6.3 Jugovzhodna Slovenija 1.8
Jugovzhodna Slovenija Osrednjeslovenska 7.2 Gorenjska 0.6
Osrednjeslovenska Gorenjska 1.4 Jugovzhodna Slovenija 0.5
Gorenjska Osrednjeslovenska 5.2 Goriška 0.3
Notranjsko-kraška Osrednjeslovenska 6.4 Obalno-kraška 1.8
Goriška Osrednjeslovenska 6.5 Obalno-kraška 1.1
Obalno-kraška Osrednjeslovenska 5.1 Goriška 0.8
Source: SORS; processed in 2008; calculations by IMAD.
Note: Population covered by both censuses and aged over 15.
saw an intense concentration of economic activities which is still in progress today, making the region very attractive for immigration. The Osrednjeslovenska region has more jobs on offer (in 2002 it accounted for about 30% of all jobs in Slovenia) and is easily accessible for traffic (e.g. from the Zasavska region), which in the short term increases daily commuting and in the long term even results in
100 Such high values are also due to the manner in which data on companies are gathered, based on the company's registered seat.
Table 60: Migration of the section of the population with at most a primary education between the 1991 and 2002 censuses by region
Popu-lation that stayed
in the region
Emi-gration
Im-
migra-tion Net
migra-tion Net
migra-tion, in %
Pomurska 35,051 330 492 162 0.5
Podravska 62,623 713 664 –49 –0.1
Koroška 15,833 223 173 –50 –0.3
Savinjska 55,176 803 774 –29 –0.1
Zasavska 10,074 274 302 28 0.3
Spodnjeposavska 16,084 277 641 364 2.2
Jugovzhodna
Slovenija 32,460 419 810 391 1.2
Osrednjeslovenska 69,243 1,952 942 –1,010 –1.4
Gorenjska 35,917 586 567 –19 –0.1
Notranjsko-kraška 11,577 204 331 127 1.1
Goriška 28,129 256 294 38 0.1
Obalno-kraška 19,222 272 319 47 0.2
Source: SORS; processed in 2008; calculations by IMAD.
Note: Population covered by both censuses and aged over 15.