CAR SAFETY FEATURES: airbags, ___________________________________
MOTORCYCLE SAFTEY FEATURES: helmet, __________________________
PEDESTRIAN SAFETY FEATURES: __________________________________
BICYCLE SAFETY FEATURES: ______________________________________
Read the following statements often seen as slogans in commercials to promote traffic safety. Do you dis/agree? Say why.
Vehicle insurance is not a choice. It‟s a must.
Breaking rules while driving is a sign of illiteracy.
I don‟t break rules. I brake for people!
Vocabulary builder. Word formation. Read the text ‘Development of Transport’ below and complete it with the correct form of the word given on the right.
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT
A hundred years ago most people travelled on foot, by train, or on horse back. The transportation was extremely time consuming and even ______1_______ . Railways had made it possible to travel _____2______ over long distances. Bicycles were also becoming popular, after the invention of the air-filled tyre, which made cycling a lot more ____3______.
Buses, trams and underground railways had already been invented, and cities all over the world already made traffic jams. There were very few private cars, and city streets were still full of horses. What a _____4____a hundred years have made! Nowadays we have got used to the problem of private cars, and some cities are very noisy and the level of ____5____
is so high that in many places vehicles have been banned from the city centre. How will be travelling in a hundred years' time?
Perhaps by then there will be only ______6______helicopters.
There may be no need to commute to work or school in the future, since everyone will have a computer at home. There might even be more people walking and horse riding, for _____7_____ and exercise.
0 TRANSPORT 1 DANGER 2 RAPID 3 COMFORT
4 DIFFERENCE 5 POLLUTE
6 PERSON
7 PLEASE
Vocabulary builder. Travel and Movement. Multiple choice. Choose the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence.
1. The ship stopped because two passengers had fallen ……B………
2. The ………. was crowded with passengers waiting for the train.
3. We had to stop for petrol at a filling………
4. Mary looked up the fastest train to Glasgow in the ………
5. The train was very crowded because there were only four ………
6. Peter's car ……….. off the icy road and fell into a ditch.
7. I dropped my wallet from the boat but luckily it ………
8. Everything went dark when the train entered a/an ……….
9. David missed his train because of the queue in the ticket ……….
10. To get to our hotel we had to cross the railway ……….
1 A upside down B overboard C upside down D inside out
2 A platform B quay C runway D pavement
3 A garage B service C pump D station
4 A catalogue B timetable C dictionary D programme
5 A coaches B waggons C trucks D cars
6 A crashed B collided C hit D skidded
7 A drifted B floated C sank D rescued
8 A underground B tunnel C tube D metro
9 A office B agency C room D lounge
10 A road B route C rails D line
Read the text THE ICELAND VOLCANO PROBLEM and answer the questions below.
The Iceland volcano ash problem: European flight disruption
Thousands of planes across Europe remain grounded for a second day after the Eyjafjallajokull eruption on Wednesday. Updates are expected throughout the day. Follow the latest here:
7.44am:
Flights remain cancelled across much of Europe this morning, as volcanic ash continues to drift across northern parts of the continent. Overnight National Air Traffic Services has extended the flying restriction imposed over much of the UK's airspace.
Yesterday it imposed a flying ban until 7am this morning, later extending that to 1pm.
However at 2.30am this morning it announced restrictions will remain in place until 7pm tonight "at the earliest", although stressed some services might be allowed to run to and from Northern Ireland and Glasgow and Prestwick.
Following a review of the latest Met Office information, NATS advises that restrictions will remain in place in UK controlled airspace until 1900 (UK time) today, Friday 16 April, at the earliest.
However, flights in Northern Ireland and the Western Isles of Scotland to and from Glasgow and Prestwick may be allowed up to 1300 (UK time) today, subject to individual co-ordination. North Atlantic traffic to and from Glasgow, Prestwick and Belfast may also be allowed over the same period. We will review further Met Office information and at 0830 (UK time) we will advise on the arrangements that will be in place until 0100 (UK time) on Saturday, 17 April.
In general, the situation cannot be said to be improving with any certainty as the forecast affected area appears to be closing in from east to west. We continue to work closely with airports, airlines, and the rest of Europe to understand and mitigate the implications of the volcanic eruption.
In Europe a number of countries' airports remained off-limits last night. Authorities in Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Belgium closed their airspace, while France shut down 24 airports, including the main hub of Charles de Gaulle in Paris.
Germany's Berlin and Hamburg airports were shut on Thursday evening, and several flights out of the US had to double back.
(http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2010/apr/16/volcano-ash-airspace-flights-iceland, 16. 4. 2010)
Discussion.
What are the main logistics problems mentioned in the text? Are there any solutions provided?
What can passengers do if stranded in similar situation?
Have you ever experienced similar airport problems?
How important is airport logistics? How does it influence our daily lives?
Try to find out more. What was the estimated loss of business during the Ash cloud period?
What were the consequences?
Reading comprehension. Matching. Read AIRBAG Q&A carefully. Write down the answers by writing the paragraph letter best denoting the given sentence.
1 If I‟m in a car equipped with airbags, am I not perfectly safe even without seatbelts?
2 How long does it take for an airbag to inflate?
3 What are the chances that the airbag will inflate when it should not, or fail when it should perform?
4 The passenger side has a bigger airbag than the driver‟s. Why is that?
5 What causes the airbag warning lamp to light?
6 Will seat position or body size affect the airbag‟s effectiveness?
7 What happens to airbags when the car is disposed of?
Airbag Q&A
Adapted from the brochure SRS airbag Information, Toyota motor Company, 2002
A In an accident the greatest risk to the driver is from an impact with the steering wheel, which is relatively close. On the other hand, the passenger is further away from the dashboard, so a large bag is required.
B Because the airbag is such an important part of the occupant safety system, we go to great lengths to design sensors that are extremely accurate in their collision-detection capacity. We conduct a number of test on the sensors, including collision and temperature.
C In a collision equivalent to a car running into a barrier head-on 50km/h, a bag will complete its inflation within 40ms (0.04 seconds) of impact, and will deflate within 0.2 seconds of the impact. Testing has been conducted on cars with their windows both opened and closed, and these test confirm that the noise does not reach harmful levels.
D When you turn the key to the ACC or ON position, the computer runs a six-second diagnostic test on the airbag system. In the event that it detects something wrong during this test, the warning lamp comes on. Even if there‟s nothing wrong initially the computer continues running periodic diagnostic tests, and if it detects a problem, it lights the warning lamp. If the lamp is on, it means the airbag will not function properly, and you should take your car to the nearest Toyota dealer to have it checked.
E We have checked airbags for all typical body sizes and seating positions, and confirmed that they work to provide overall occupant protection satisfactorily. It is possible that the airbags will not work effectively when the seat is in an unusual position, so drive in an appropriate posture and, of course, fasten your seat belt.
F If a car has inactivated airbags, it needs to be processed before being crushed. Bring your car to a Toyota dealer, which can handle this. The speed at which the airbag inflates may cause bruising or abrasions by an airbag even if you are fastened properly. We have folded the airbag in a special way that it helps control the development pattern, to minimize the chance of being hurt to the extent possible.
G Airbags are meant to complement seatbelts, not replace them. In addition, seatbelts can provide protection in many different types of accidents where the airbags may not deploy. So you must always fasten your seatbelt. The car performs a self-diagnostic test every time you turn on ignition, so periodic inspections are not needed. However, if the self-diagnostic tests do not detect a problem, you should take your car to the nearest Toyota dealership promptly to have it inspected.
(Predmetni izpitni katalog, 2005)
Vocabulary builder. Match the words with the correct mode of transport. The first one
Vocabulary builder. Complete the following compound nouns. Use the words from the box.
Area belt crash fine hour jam lane lights crossing Limit park rank station transport works sign 1 __________ happens when there‟s so much traffic that vehicles cannot move ___________is a safety feature in every vehicle
___________is a place where taxis wait for customers
________________ is a time of the day when there is a lot of traffic (ex.: 7am, 3 pm)
_________________ happens when two or more cars crash ______________ money you pay for parking illegally _______________ regulates traffic
________________ is regulated by signs
______________ : bus, taxi, coach, tram, train, …
___________ is specially marked so pedestrians know where to cross the ________________narrow part of road reserved for cyclists
__________________
_________________
Vocabulary builder. Travel. Insert the correct word in the sentences provided.
Flight journey trip travel cruise
1 A _______________ is when you travel from one place to another by plane.
2 A________________ is when you travel from one place to another by car, train, plane, bus, … . 3 He‟s going on a business ____________ to Tokyo.
4 She‟s going on a ______________ around the Mediterranean for her spring break.
5 I __________ a lot in my line of business.
6 Have a safe ___________! I‟ll meet you at Heathrow when you land.
Speaking. Form sentences using the following words. The first one has been done for you.
Speaking. Read all the following questions then use them to begin a conversation with your partner.
1 Which type of transport do you think is the most/the least dangerous? Make a list, then explain your opinions to your partner.
2 Can you ride a horse/motorbike/bike? Drive a lorry? Do you think it‟s difficult to learn to do that?
Explain why.
3 How old do you have to be to drive in your country? Where and how do you learn how to drive?
4 Are there enough car parks in your country? How difficult is it to find a parking space? Why is there a shortage of parking spaces?
5 Which annoying habits do drivers have? Which annoy you?
6 Do you think that motor racing (F1, Moto GP) encourages people to drive faster? Why/not?
7 Do you prefer travelling by public or private transport?
8 Would you like to fly in a hot air balloon? Why/not?
9 What modes of transport do you think will become more important in the future?
10 Do you enjoy travelling by boat? Do you get seasick?
Speaking. Explain the difference between
A carriage and a compartment
A coach and a bus
A season and a return ticket
A bus driver and a bus conductor
A commuter and a passenger
SUMMARY
There are also different types of public transport. Users choose the most appropriate ones for
private needs as well as transportation of cargo. We have also discussed traffic safety which is
very important when travelling.
6 WAREHOUSING AND STORAGE
After this unit you will be able to:
Define and describe containers;
Talk about warehousing;
Discuss warehouse equipment.
Read the text and answer the following questions:
What is the main purpose of warehousing?
How has warehousing changed over the years? What was the biggest influence?
Can you explain the following abbreviations: FIFO, LIFO, WMS and JIT? What do they stand for?
Which are the main warehouses in your country? What are their functions? How do they operate?
Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. offering service in co-packing, repair and kitting. Major warehousing processes include: receiving, put away, order preparation / picking, shipping and inventory management (cycle counting, addressing...).
They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities and towns. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses load and unload goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks.
Material direction and tracking in a warehouse can be coordinated by a Warehouse Management System (WMS), a database driven computer program. Logistics personnel use the WMS to improve warehouse efficiency by directing putaways and to maintain accurate inventory by recording warehouse transactions.
Some warehouses are completely automated, and require no workers inside. Pallets and product move on a system of automated conveyors, cranes and automated storage and retrieval systems coordinated by programmable logic controllers and computers running logistics automation software.
For a warehouse to function efficiently, the facility must be properly slotted. Slotting addresses which storage medium a product is picked from (pallet rack or carton flow), and how they are picked (pick-to-light, pick-to-voice, or pick-to-paper). With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse can improve its inventory rotation requirements, such as first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out (LIFO), control labor costs and increase productivity.
Traditional warehousing has declined since the last decades of the 20th century, with the gradual introduction of Just In Time (JIT) techniques. The JIT system promotes product delivery directly from suppliers to consumer without the use of warehouses.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse, 11. 2. 2011)
6.1 CONTAINERIZATION
Read the text and answer the following questions:
How has containerization changed over the years? What started the process of containerization?
Which institution defines containers? Why is that important?
What are the standard measure units of containers?
How can containers be transported and what do they mainly contain?
Historically, it is claimed that containerization has its origins in early coal mining regions in England and Germany from the late 1700s on. The global standardization of containers and container handling equipment was an important innovation in 20th century logistics.
In 1955, businessman (and former trucking company owner) Malcolm McLean worked with engineer Keith Tantlinger to develop the modern intermodal container. The design incorporated a twist-lock mechanism atop each of the four corners, allowing the container to be easily secured and lifted using cranes. Helping McLean make the successful design, Tantlinger convinced McLean to give the patented designs to the industry; this began international standardization of shipping containers.
Four important ISO (International Organization for Standardization) recommendations standardized containerization globally:
January 1968: R-668 defined the terminology, dimensions and ratings
July 1968: R-790 defined the identification markings
January 1970: R-1161 made recommendations about corner fittings
October 1970: R-1897 set out the minimum internal dimensions of general purpose freight containers
The widespread use of ISO standard containers has driven modifications in other freight-moving standards, gradually forcing removable truck bodies or swap bodies into the standard sizes and shapes (though without the strength needed to be stacked), and changing completely the worldwide use of freight pallets that fit into ISO containers or into commercial vehicles.
Improved cargo security is also an important benefit of containerization. The cargo is not visible to the casual viewer and thus is less likely to be stolen and the doors of the containers are generally sealed so that tampering is more evident. This has reduced the "falling off the truck" syndrome that long plagued the shipping industry.
Use of the same basic sizes of containers across the globe has lessened the problems caused by incompatible rail gauge sizes in different countries. The majority of the rail networks in the world operate on a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8
1⁄
2in) gauge track known as standard gauge but many countries (such as Russia, India, Finland, and Lithuania) use broader gauges. The use of container trains in all these countries makes trans-shipment between different gauge trains easier.
There are five common standard lengths, 20-ft (6.1 m), 40-ft (12.2 m), 45-ft (13.7 m), 48-ft
(14.6 m), and 53-ft (16.2 m). United States domestic standard containers are generally 48 ft
(15 m) and 53-ft (rail and truck). Container capacity is often expressed in
twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equalto one standard 20 ft (length) × 8 ft (width) container.
The original choice of 8 foot height for ISO containers was made to suit a large proportion of railway tunnels, though some had to be deepened. With the arrival of even taller containers, further enlargement is proving necessary.
Containers have become a popular way to ship vehicles overseas. Cars can be loaded into 20 or 40 foot containers, loaded onto container ships, and shipped to most countries. Unlike roll-on/roll-off vehicle shipping, personal effects can be loaded into the container with the vehicle, allowing for easy international relocation.
Containerization of cargoes is becoming ever more widespread worldwide and almost all products are now transported by container (approximately 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide moves by containers on transport ship. As of 2005, some 18 million total containers make over 200 million trips per year.).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containerization, 11. 2. 2011)
6.2 TYPES OF CONTAINERS
Containers are increasingly set to replace traditional stowage in holds. Containerization of cargoes is becoming ever more widespread worldwide and almost all products are now transported by container. The cargoes in containers are still exposed to climatic, biological and chemical stresses, such that the causes of losses which previously occurred in the hold still come about with container transport. If transport is to pass off without loss, selection of a suitable container type is fundamental.
Standard container Ideal for types of general (dry) cargo
High-cube container used for all types general cargo (dry cargo). However, they are particularly suitable for transporting light, voluminous cargoes and over height cargoes up to a maximum of 2.70 m tall.
Hard top container Hard-top containers are used for all types general cargo (dry cargo). Their principal uses are as follows: heavy, tall cargo.
Loading from above/through doors by carne/crab
Open top container Dry cargo
Tank container Used for transportation of maiinly liquid cargoes, such as:food (non-alcoholic drinks, spirits, sweet oils, chemicals (hazardous materials (fuels,
toxic substances, corrosion protection agents).
Flat rack Used for heavy lifts, over height, over width cargo
Platform Oversized heavy cargo
Ventilated container Used especially for cargoes which have to be ventilated in transit. One of the most significant of such commodities is green coffee beans, hence the name coffee container.
Insulated and refrigerated containers
Used for goods which need to be transported at a constant temperature above or below freezing point (chilled and frozen goods, fruit, vegetables, meat and dairy products) Bulk container Ideal for general cargo