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,FZ XPSET TVSHJDBM HPXO UIFSNBM DPNGPSU XPWFO OPOXPWFO UIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFUIFSNBMDPOEVDUJWJUZ
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The Thermal Comfort Properties of Reusable and Disposable Surgical Gown Fabrics
Original Scientific Paper
3FDJWFEDecember 2008 r"DDFQUFEMarch 2009
Vodilni avtor/corresponding author:
Oktay Pamuk
UFMFNBJMPLUBZQBNVL!FHFFEVUS
Termofiziološke lastnosti udobnosti kirurških oblačil za enkratno in večkratno uporabo
*[WJSOJ[OBOTUWFOJNJMBOFL
1PTMBOPdecember 2008 r4QSFKFUPmarec 2009
Izvleček
Kirurška oblačila se uporabljajo za zaščito paci- entov in kirurške ekipe pred okužbo med samo operacijo. Prvotno so bila izdelana le iz bom- bažnih tkanin, danes pa se za njihovo izdela- vo uporabljajo različne vrste tkanin in netkanih tekstilij. Namen te raziskave je bila ocena ter- mofizioloških lastnosti udobnosti različnih te- kstilij, ki se uporabljajo za izdelavo kirurških oblačil. Analiza je bila izvedena na osmih ki- rurških oblačilih, ki so dostopna na tržišču; na treh netkanih tekstilijah (Spunlace, SMS, Spun- bond) in petih tkaninah (100 % bombaž, 50 % poliester – 50 % bombaž, 65 % poliester – 35 % bombaž, 66 % poliester – 33 % bombaž – 1 % ogljikova vlakna, 99 % poliester – 1 % ogljikova vlakna). S preskuševalno opremo za določitev termofizioloških lastnosti Alambeta so bile do- ločene toplotna prevodnost, absorpcija toplote in toplotna upornost tekstilij. Izmerjena je bila debelina tekstilij in določena korelacija med de- belino in toplotno upornostjo. Rezultati meritev pridobljeni v okviru raziskave so bili statistično obdelani z analizo sipanja (ANOVA).
Ključne besede: kirurška oblačila, termofiziolo- ško udobje, tkanine, netkane tekstilije, toplotna upornost, toplotna prevodnost.
*OUSPEVDUJPO
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FHQMBTUJDĐMNT/POXPWFOGBCSJDTBSFNBOVGBD- UVSFEGSPNWBSJPVTGPSNTPGOBUVSBM FHXPPEQVMQ DPUUPOBOETZOUIFUJDĐCFST FHQPMZFTUFSQPMZPMF- ĐOUIBUDBOCFFOHJOFFSFEUPBDIJFWFEFTJSFEQSPQ- FSUJFTUISPVHIUIFVTFPGTQFDJBMĐCFSUZQFTCPOEJOH QSPDFTTFTBOEGBCSJDĐOJTIFTĂFUISFFNPTUDPN- NPOMZ VTFE OPOXPWFO GBCSJDT GPS TVSHJDBM HPXOT BSF4QVOMBDFBIZESPFOUBOHMFENBUFSJBMPĔFODPO- TJTUJOH PG XPPE QVMQ BOE QPMZFTUFS ĐCFST 4QVO- CPOE.FMUCMPXO4QVOCPOE B GBCSJD DPOTJTUJOH PG UISFFUIFSNBMMZPSBEIFTJWFMZCPOEFEMBZFST 4QVO- CPOEQSPWJEFTUIFTUSFOHUI.FMUCMPXOQSPWJEFTUIF CBSSJFS BOE XFUMBJE B OPOXPWFO GBCSJD DPOTJTU- JOHPGXPPEQVMQPSBCMFOEPGQPMZFTUFSBOEXPPE QVMQĐCFSTĂFĐCFSTBSFTVTQFOEFEJOXBUFSUPPC- UBJO B VOJGPSN EJTQFSTJPO BOE BSF UIFO TFQBSBUFE GSPNUIFTMVSSZCZESBJOJOHUIFXBUFSUISPVHIBĐOF NFTI TDSFFO $IFNJDBM USFBUNFOUT DBO CF VTFE UP JNQSPWFMJRVJEQFOFUSBUJPOSFTJTUBODF<>
%JTQPTBCMFHPXOTBMMPXGPSSBQJEEJTQPTBMPGDPO- UBNJOBUFE UFYUJMFT SFEVDF MBVOESZ DPTUT BOE DBO be donned and doffed quickly in locations such as
&NFSHFODZ3PPNT/POXPWFOEJTQPTBCMFTBSFOPU BTIFBWZBTSFVTBCMFTBOEBSFUIFSFGPSFDPPMFS<>
ĂFUFSNDPNGPSUJTEFĐOFEBTFJUIFSiUIFBCTFODF PGVOQMFBTBOUOFTTPSEJTDPNGPSUuPSiBOFVUSBMTUBUF DPNQBSFE UP UIF NPSF BDUJWF TUBUF PG QMFBTVSFu ĂFSF JT HFOFSBM BHSFFNFOU UIBU UIF NPWFNFOU PG IFBUBOEXBUFSWBQPVSUISPVHIBHBSNFOUBSFQSPC- BCMZ UIF NPTU JNQPSUBOU GBDUPST JO DMPUIJOH DPN- GPSU$PNGPSUJTDPOTJEFSFEBGVOEBNFOUBMQSPQFSUZ XIFOBUFYUJMFQSPEVDUJTWBMVFEĂFDPNGPSUDIBS- BDUFSJTUJDT PG GBCSJDT NBJOMZ EFQFOE PO UIF TUSVD- UVSF UZQFT PG SBX NBUFSJBM VTFE XFJHIU NPJTUVSF BCTPSQUJPOIFBUUSBOTNJTTJPOBOETLJOQFSDFQUJPO
$MPUIJOHIBTBMBSHFQBSUUPQMBZJOUIFNBJOUFOBODF PGIFBUCBMBODFBTJUNPEJĐFTUIFIFBUMPTTGSPNUIF TLJOTVSGBDFJOUVSOSFTVMUJOHJOUIFTFDPOEBSZFG- GFDUPGBMUFSJOHUIFNPJTUVSFMPTTGSPNUIFTLJO<>
ĂFSNBMQSPQFSUJFTBSFBNPOHUIFNPTUJNQPSUBOU GFBUVSFTPGUFYUJMFT'PSJOTUBODFUIFSNBMJOTVMBUJPO EFUFSNJOFT UIF FMFNFOUBSZ GVODUJPO PG HBSNFOUT .PTUPGUIFTUVEJFTIJUIFSUPDBSSJFEPVUBSFEFWPU- FE UP NFBTVSFNFOUT PG TUBUJD UIFSNBM QSPQFSUJFT TVDI BT UIFSNBM DPOEVDUJWJUZ UIFSNBM SFTJTUBODF BOEUIFSNBMEJćVTJPOĂFSNBMJOTVMBUJPOJTBWFSZ JNQPSUBOUGBDUPSGPSFTUJNBUJOHBQQBSFMDPNGPSUGPS UIFVTFS<>ĂFUIFSNBMQSPQFSUJFTPGDMPUIJOHNB- UFSJBMTXIJDISFMBUFUPVTFSDPNGPSUEFQFOEPOUIF IFBUUSBOTGFSCFUXFFOBESFTTFECPEZBOEUIFFOWJ-
SPONFOUĂFUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFPGBDMPUIJOHTZT- UFNSFQSFTFOUTBRVBOUJUJWFFWBMVBUJPOPGIPXHPPE UIFDMPUIJOHJTBUQSPWJEJOHBUIFSNBMCBSSJFSUPUIF XFBSFS<>
ĂF IFBU USBOTGFS SFTJTUBODF PG B GBCSJD JT PG DSJUJ- DBMJNQPSUBODFUPJUTUIFSNBMDPNGPSU*OTUVEZJOH UIFUIFSNBMJOTVMBUJPOQSPQFSUJFTPGHBSNFOUTEVS- JOHXFBSJUJTSFQPSUFEUIBUUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFUPUIF USBOTGFSPGIFBUGSPNUIFCPEZUPUIFTVSSPVOEJOH BJSJTUIFTVNPGUISFFQBSBNFUFST
J UIF UIFSNBM SFTJTUBODF UP UIF USBOTGFS PG IFBU GSPNUIFTVSGBDFPGUIFNBUFSJBM
JJUIFUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFPGUIFDMPUIJOHNBUFSJBM and
JJJUIFUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFPGUIFBJSJOUFSMBZFS<>
.BUFSJBM
*O UIJT SFTFBSDI FJHIU DPNNFSDJBMMZ BWBJMBCMF TVS- HJDBMHPXOGBCSJDTXFSFFWBMVBUFE'JWFPGUIFGBC- SJDTXFSFXPWFO DPUUPOQPMZFTUFSm DPUUPOQPMZFTUFSmDPUUPOQPMZFTUFS mDPUUPOmDBSCPOQPMZFTUFSmDBS- CPOBOEUISFFPGUIFGBCSJDTXFSFOPOXPWFO 4QVO- MBDF4.44QVOCPOE
4QVOMBDFJTBIZESPFOUBOHMFENBUFSJBMPĔFODPOTJTU- JOHPGXPPEQVMQBOEQPMZFTUFSĐCFST4.4 4QVO- CPOE.FMUCMPXO4QVOCPOEJTBLJOEPGOPOXPWFO GBCSJD DPOTJTUJOH PG UISFF UIFSNBMMZ PS BEIFTJWFMZ CPOEFE MBZFST 4QVOCPOE GBCSJDT BSF QSPEVDFE CZ EFQPTJUJOHFYUSVEFETQVOĐMBNFOUTPOUPBDPMMFDU- JOHCFMUJOBVOJGPSNSBOEPNNBOOFSGPMMPXFECZ CPOEJOHPGUIFĐCFSTĂFĐCFSTBSFTFQBSBUFEEVS- ing the web-laying process by air jets or electrostatic DIBSHFTĂFDPMMFDUJOHTVSGBDFJTVTVBMMZQFSGPSBUFE Table 1: Technical parameters of the woven fabrics
'BCSJD
/P 5ZQFPG'BCSJD .BTTQFS
unit area HN
Yarn count
UFY %FOTJUZ
UISFBETQFSDN
8FĔ Warp 8FĔ Warp
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFSm$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFSm$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFSm$PUUPOm$BSCPO
1PMZFTUFSm$BSCPO
Table 2: Technical parameters of the nonwoven fab- rics
'BCSJD
/P 5ZQFPG'BCSJD .BTTQFSVOJUBSFB HN
Spunlace
4.4
Spunbond
UPQSFWFOUUIFBJSTUSFBNGSPNEFēFDUJOHBOEDBSSZ- JOHUIFĐCFSTJOBOVODPOUSPMMFENBOOFS
ĂFUFDIOJDBMQBSBNFUFSTPGUIFTFMFDUFEXPWFOBOE OPOXPWFOGBCSJDTDBOCFTFFOJO5BCMFBOE5BCMF SFTQFDUJWFMZ
.FUIPE
"MMUIFNFBTVSFNFOUTXFSFDPNQMFUFEJOBDPOUSPM- MFEMBCPSBUPSZFOWJSPONFOUPGBCPVU$BOE SFMBUJWFIVNJEJUZ'JWFTBNQMFTXFSFUFTUFEGPSFBDI GBCSJD UZQF UP PCUBJO UIF UIFSNBM DPNGPSU QSPQFS- UJFT*OUPUBMNFBTVSFNFOUTXFSFNBEFBDDPSE- JOHUPUIF&/TUBOEBSEĂFUIFSNBMDPOEVD- UJWJUZ UIFSNBM BCTPSQUJPO BOE UIFSNBM SFTJTUBODF WBMVFT XFSF NFBTVSFE XJUI BO "MBNCFUB BOE UIF UIJDLOFTTWBMVFTXFSFNFBTVSFEXJUIB4IJSMFZ%JH- JUBMĂJDLOFTT(BVHF<>ĂFNFBTVSJOHIFBEUFN- QFSBUVSF PG UIF "MBNCFUB XBT BQQSPYJNBUFMZ $
JO BMM DBTFT ĂF NFBTVSJOH IFBE DPOUBJOT B DPQ- QFSCMPDLXIJDIJTFMFUSJDBMMZIFBUFEUP$UIFSF- CZ TJNVMBUJOH IVNBO TLJO UFNQFSBUVSF ĂF UFN QFSBUVSFJTDPOUSPMMFECZBUIFSNPNFUFSDPOOFDUFE UPUIFSFHVMBUPSĂFMPXFSQBSUPGUIFIFBUFECMPDL
JTFRVJQQFEXJUIBEJSFDUIFBUēPXTFOTPSĂFTFO- TPSNFBTVSFTUIFUIFSNBMESPQCFUXFFOUIFTVSGBD- FTPGBWFSZUIJOOPONFUBMMJDQMBUFVTJOHBNVMUJ- QMF EJćFSFOUJBM NJDSPUIFSNPDPVQMF ĂJT TFOTPS JTNNUIJDLBOEPODPOUBDUXJUIBTVCKFDUPGB EJćFSFOU UFNQFSBUVSF SFBDIFT UIF NBYJNVN IFBU ēPXqmaxJOTFDPOETĂVTJUTJNVMBUFTUIFIV- NBOTLJOXIJDIJTBQQSPYJNBUFMZNNUIJDLBOE XIPTFOFWUSPOFOETMPDBUFEJOUIFNJEEMFBMTPUBLF mTFDPOETUPSFBDIqmaxXIFOIFBUFE<>ĂF UIJDLOFTT NFBTVSFNFOUT XFSF NBEF BDDPSEJOH UP UIF&%"/"TUBOEBSE<>5FOTBNQMFTXFSF UFTUFEGPSFBDIGBCSJDUZQFT
ĂFSNBM DPOEVDUJWJUZ ĂF DPFĊDJFOU PG TQFDJĐD UIFSNBM DPOEVDUJWJUZ λ SFQSFTFOUT UIF BNPVOU PG IFBUXIJDIQBTTFTUISPVHIBVOJUMFOHUIQFSVOJUUJNF BOEDSFBUFTEJćFSFODFJOUFNQFSBUVSFTPG,<>
ĂFNFBTVSFNFOUSFTVMUPGUIFSNBMDPOEVDUJWJUZJT CBTFEPOFRVBUJPO
λ = Q 8Nm,m
̀T FT h
where:
Q mBNPVOUPGDPOEVDUFEIFBU
F – area through which the heat is conducted
̀T mUFNQFSBUVSFDIBOHF h mGBCSJDUIJDLOFTT
ĂFSNBMSFTJTUBODF ĂFSNBMSFTJTUBODFJTBRVBOUJUZ TQFDJĐDUPUFYUJMFNBUFSJBMTPSDPNQPTJUFTXIJDIEF- UFSNJOFTUIFESZIFBUēVYBDSPTTBHJWFOBSFBJOSF- TQPOTFUPBTUFBEZBQQMJFEUFNQFSBUVSFHSBEJFOU<] ĂFMPXFSUIFUIFSNBMDPOEVDUJWJUZUIFIJHIFSUIF UIFSNBMSFTJTUBODF
ĂFSNBMSFTJTUBODFJTSFMBUFEUPGBCSJDUIJDLOFTTCZ FRVBUJPO
RêNh ,8m
λ
where:
hmGBCSJDUIJDLOFTT λmUIFSNBMDPOEVDUJWJUZ
ĂFSNBMBCTPSQUJPOĂFSNBMBCTPSQUJPODIBSBDUFS- J[FTAXBSNDPPMGFFMJOHTBOESFQSFTFOUTUIFBNPVOU PGIFBUBCTPSCFEGPSBEJćFSFODFJOUFNQFSBUVSFTPG ,PWFSBVOJUBSFBQFSVOJUUJNF BOESFTVMUTGSPN IFBU BDDVNVMBUJOH JO B WPMVNF VOJU *OEPPST XF FYQFSJFODFDPMEFSUFNQFSBUVSFTXIJMFXFBSJOHNB- terial with a high absorption capacity Black cloth- JOHIBTBIJHIFSBCTPSQUJPODPFĊDJFOUBOEXFGFFM IPUUFSXIJMFXFBSJOHJUPVUTJEF<>
ĂFSNBM BCTPSQUJPO DBO CF FYQSFTTFE CZ FRVBUJPO
b = √λ.ρ.c, Ws½Nm,m
Table 3: The mean values of thermal conductivity, thermal absorption, and thermal resistance for all fabric types
5ZQFTPG'BCSJDT ĂFSNBM$POEVDUJWJUZ
8Nm,m ĂFSNBM"CTPSQUJPO
8T½Nm,m ĂFSNBM3FTJTUBODF N,8m
Spunlace
4.4
Spunbond
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFS
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFS
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFS
$PUUPO
$BSCPO
1PMZFTUFS
$BSCPO
where:
λmUIFSNBMDPOEVDUJWJUZ ρmGBCSJDEFOTJUZ
c mUIFTQFDJĐDIFBUPGUIFGBCSJD
3FTVMUT
ĂF NFBO WBMVFT PG UIFSNBM DPOEVDUJWJUZ 8Nm ,m UIFSNBM BCTPSQUJPO 8T½Nm,m BOE UIFS- NBMSFTJTUBODF N,8mGPSXPWFOBOEOPOXPWFO GBCSJDTDBOCFTFFOJO5BCMFĂFNFBOWBMVFTPG UIJDLOFTTGPSBMMGBCSJDTBSFMJTUFEJO5BCMF
5ZQFTPG'BCSJDT .FBOĂJDLOFTT NN
Spunlace
4.4
Spunbond
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFS
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFS
$PUUPO
1PMZFTUFS
$PUUPO
$BSCPO
1PMZFTUFS
$BSCPO
Table 4: The mean thickness values for all fabrics
4UBUJTUJDBM&WBMVBUJPO BOE%JTDVTTJPO
*OUIJTTFDUJPOUIFBJNJTUPUFTUTFWFSBMIZQPUIF- TFTCZBQQMZJOHBPOFXBZBOBMZTJTPGWBSJBODFQSP-
DFEVSF "/07"UPUIFEBUBHJWFOJO5BCMFJO PSEFSUPEFUFSNJOFJGUIFSFJTBOZEJćFSFODFBNPOH UIFGBCSJDUZQFTXJUISFTQFDUUPUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODF WBMVFT <> ĂF TFMFDUFE WBMVF PG TJHOJĐDBODF MFWFM ϚGPSBMMTUBUJTUJDBMUFTUTJOUIFTUVEZXBT8F IBWFEJćFSFOUWBMVFT USFBUNFOUTPGBTJOHMFGBD- UPS GBCSJDUIBUXFXJTIUPDPNQBSFĂFUIFSNBM resistance values say yij represents the jth observa- UJPOUBLFOVOEFSUSFBUNFOUi. )FSF iw SFQSFTFOUT GBCSJD UZQF 4QVOMBDF 4.4 4QVOCPOE DPUUPOQPMZFTUFSmDPUUPOQPM- ZFTUFSmDPUUPOQPMZFTUFSmDPUUPOm DBSCPOBOEQPMZFTUFSmDBSCPOSFTQFD- UJWFMZ
yij = μ + τi + eij .PEFM
where μJTPWFSBMMNFBOTUSFOHUIτiJTUIFFćFDUPG iUIGBCSJDUZQFBOEεijJTBSBOEPNFSSPSDPNQPOFOU
*O UIJT POFXBZ BOBMZTJTPGWBSJBODF NPEFMri de- OPUFTUIFOVNCFSPGPCTFSWBUJPOTBUiUIMFWFMPGUIF GBDUPSĂFBQQSPQSJBUFIZQPUIFTFTBSF
H : τ = ττH : τiȱGPSBUMFBTUPOFi
*G UIF OVMM IZQPUIFTJT JT USVF UIFO JU DBO CF DPO- DMVEFE UIBU GBCSJD UZQFT EP OPU TJHOJĐDBOUMZ BćFDU UIFNFBOUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFĂF.JOJUBC 3FMFBTF TUBUJTUJDBMTPĔXBSFQBDLBHFXBTVTFEUPDPO- EVDUJOHUIFTFUFTUT
"/07"UBCMFPGUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFGPS.PEFMDBO CFTFFOJO5BCMF
*O5BCMF)JTSFKFDUFE ϚBOEUIFTNBMMP val- VFJOEJDBUFTUIBUGBCSJDUZQFIBTBTUBUJTUJDBMMZTJHOJG- JDBOUFćFDUPOUIFUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFWBMVF
"DDPSEJOHUP'JHVSFUIFNBJOFćFDUTEJBHSBNGPS UIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFJUJTFWJEFOUUIBUUIFQPMZFT- UFSmDPUUPOXPWFOGBCSJDIBTUIFMPXFTUUIFS- NBM SFTJTUBODF WBMVF XIJMF 4QVOCPOE OPOXPWFO GBCSJDIBTUIFIJHIFTUWBMVF
Source %' SS .4 ' 1
'BCSJD5ZQFT
Error
5PUBM
Table 5: ANOVA table for thermal resistance
Figure 1: Thermal Resistance as a function of Fabric Type.
Simple Linear Regression Analysis for Thermal Resistance and Thickness
*OUIJTTFDUJPOUIFDPSSFMBUJPOCFUXFFOUIFSNBMSF- TJTUBODFBOEGBCSJDUIJDLOFTTPGTVSHJDBMHPXOGBC- SJDT XBT FYQMPSFE BOE B TJNQMF MJOFBS SFHSFTTJPO NPEFMXBTVTFEUPFYQMBJOUIFSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFO UIFTFQBSBNFUFST
*UJTTVQQPTFEUIBUUIFUSVFSFMBUJPOTIJQCFUXFFOy UIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFBOEx UIJDLOFTTJTBTUSBJHIU line, and each observation, yi, can be described by UIFGPMMPXJOHNPEFM
yi = β + βxi + εi i= …,O .PEFM XIFSFUIFJOUFSDFQU βBOEUIFTMPQF βBSFVO- known constants, and ε JT B SBOEPN FSSPS XJUI B NFBOPG[FSPBOEBWBSJBODFPGσ
ĂF TBNQMF DPSSFMBUJPO DPFĊDJFOU CFUXFFO UIFS- NBMSFTJTUBODFBOEUIJDLOFTTXBTDPNQVUFEBT
*UJOEJDBUFTUIBUUIFSFJTBQPTJUJWFSFMBUJPOTIJQCF- UXFFOUIFSNBMSFTJTUBODFBOEUIJDLOFTTBOEJUKVTUJ- ĐFTUIFBTTVNQUJPOPGMJOFBSJUZJONPEFM ĂVT JGUIFEBUBJO5BCMFTBOEBSFVTFEUPEF- UFSNJOF UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO UIFSNBM SFTJTU-
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y x
ĂFIZQPUIFTFTUIBUSFMBUFTUPUIFTJHOJĐDBODFPGSF- gression are given below:
H0: β H1: βȱ
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$PODMVTJPO
ĂFDMPUIJOHDPNGPSUPGSFVTBCMFPSEJTQPTBCMFTVS- HJDBMHPXOTJTBOJNQPSUBOUQBSBNFUFSGPSUIFTVSHJ- DBMUFBNXIPPĔFOIBTUPXFBSUIFTVSHJDBMHPXOGPS
Source %' SS .4 ' 1
Regression
Error
5PUBM
Table 6: ANOVA table for thermal resistance and thickness values
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