!"#$$#%&’#(&)#%&+,- ./0&’#(&)#%&+,-#+1-2"/34/+’56- 78&1/+’/-9"*$-:(&%&’;

(1)

— 5 —

./0&'#(&)#%&+,-#+1-2"/34/+'56- 78&1/+'/-9"$-:(&%&';

D

^{AV I D}

C. B

E N N E T T

School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), GB – London

<"&;=/8/>-*?"#8+#8#-="*?(/$#%&>*-+#;(*+;>/@#-+&)#-8-;(*8/+AB&+&,-

?*;#+AB&+&CD"8#AB&+&C;"?AB&+&-%/"-1"4@&D-;(*8#+;>&D-E/)&>&D,-&+-;&'/"- )-+#$/+*$-*1>"&8#+E#-*;+*8+/@#-$/D#+&)$#-)#-"#)8*E-;="/$/$?F- G8%*"-*?"#8+#8#-@"#$#%&>#(&)#'&E*-&+-(/>;&>#(&)#'&E*->*%-=*8*1-)#-+#

="/1*8#+E/F-!"/-)#-#8%*"E/8-)#1+E&-="&;=/8/>,->&-E/-*;%#(-+/1*>*+B#+F HD/-=#=/"-%"/#%;-%D/-="*?(/$-*9-'(&%&'-*"1/"&+@-&+-I(*8/+/,-J*;+&#+C :"*#%&#+CI/"?&#+-#+1-*%D/"-I(#8&'-(#+@4#@/;,-#%%/$=%&+@-%*-K+1-#+- 4+1/"(5&+@-$/'D#+&;$-9*"-%D/-="*@"/;;&*+-*9-'D#+@/F-HD/-#4%D*"-1&;

'4;;/;-@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-#+1-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+-#;-$*%&8#%&*+;-9*"-%D/-

="*@"/;;&*+F-HD/-L*">,-LD&'D-&;-%D/-#4%D*"M;-(#;%,-"/$#&+;-4+K+&;D/1F

!"#$%&'()'*'+',(;>(#1+E#,-+#;(*+;>&-+&),-%&=*(*@&E#,-1&#D"*+&E#,-@"#

$#%&>#(&)#'&E#,-(/>;&>#(&)#'&E#-

!'-(./0+*,(;5+%#0,-'(&%&'-*"1/",-%5=*(*@5,-1&#'D"*+5,-@"#$$#%&'#(&

)#%&*+,-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+

HL*-/#"(&/"-=#=/";-*+-'(&%&';-NJ/++/%%-OPPQ,-OPRRS,-&+-LD&'D-%D/-'(&%&';-L/"/-/0

/$=(&9&/1-(#"@/(5-?5-4+;%"/;;/1-#40&(&#"5-8/"?;-#+1-4+;%"/;;/1-*?E/'%-="*+*4+;-

&+-8#"&*4;-I(#8&'-(#+@4#@/;,-"/9/""/1-%*-%D/-1&#'D"*+&'-="*@"/;;&*+-&+-NRS,-LD/"/- TO<M-$/#+;-T;/'*+1-=*;&%&*+MU-#+1-%D/5-D#1-%D/-4(%&$#%/-@*#(-*9-1&;'*8/"&+@-%D/-

$/'D#+&;$-4+1/"(5&+@-%D&;-="*@"/;;&*+F

NRS- G- - J- - :- - V

- O<-'(&%&';- W- O<-'(&%&';- W- 8/"?X'(&%&';- W- 8/"?X#99&0/;

- NL*"1X?#;/1S- - N'*+;%&%4/+%X?#;/1S

I:Y-Z[CO-\OPR]^,-_`Ra

(2)

70#$=(/;-*9-%D/-9*4"-;%#@/;-G`V-#"/-@&8/+-&$$/1&#%/(5-?/(*L6¹ NGS- \.#^- \<*=4(4;- \se^- "*$#+4;^- /"/0&%

- - =/*=(/- ;/(9- b*$#+- "#&;/1

- - THD/-b*$#+-=/*=(/-"#&;/1-%D/$;/(8/;-N&F/F,-%D/&"-;=&"&%;SM

NJS- \I(^- \[)- +/)+#+/@#- "#)(*@#^- \je^- \8/1+*^- \_v-$&;(&(-_v^,- 1#-c

- - *4%F*9- 4+>+*L+- "/#;*+- #40F=#;%- #(L#5;- %D*4@D%- %D#%-c

- - T2*"-;*$/-"/#;*+-D/-D#1-#(L#5;-%D*4@D%-%D#%-cM

N:RS- \2"^- \:D#34/- E*4"^- \d#"&/^- \les lui^- \_vdonne _v^- e8/"?X="*'(&%&';f - - /8/"5- 1#5- d#"5- %D/$- %*FD&$- @&8/;

- - T78/"5-1#5-d#"5-@&8/;-%D/$-%*-D&$M

N:OS- \2"^- \_vDonnez _v^- X- \les lui-^-g- e8/"?X/+'(&%&';f

- - !&8/- - %D/$-- %*FD&$

- - T!&8/-%D/$-%*-D&$gM

NVS- \2"^- hM-/;=i"/- 34M- &(- +/- \_v-\-=#"(X-^- \-era-^-_v^- =#;- %"*=-8&%/- e8/"?X;499&0f - - [- D*=/- %D#%- D/-+*%c- ;=/#>- 94%4"/F];@-c+*%- %**- 9#;%

- - T[-D*=/-D/-L*+M%-;=/#>-%**-9#;%M

[%-L#;-#"@4/1-%D#%-NRS-"/="/;/+%;-#-D*$*@/+/*4;-1&#'D"*+&'-="*'/;;-"#%D/"-%D#+-

%D"//-;/=#"#%/-%"#+;&%&*+;-#+1-%D#%-&%-1/=/+1;-*+-%D/-1/@"//-*9-T(/0&'#(&)#%&*+M- N.#$?-Raaa6-RQ]`jPS-*"-T/+%"/+'D$/+%M-N.#+@#'>/"-Raaa6-a]`RPP,-ROR`_U-OPPk6- RQ`RjS-L&%D&+-=#"%&'4(#"-TD*;%M-l-'(&%&'-'*$?&+#%&*+;F-G9%/"-*+/-="/;/+%#%&*+-*9-

"/(/8#+%-1#%#,-#-34/;%&*+/"-#;>/1-LD/%D/"-NRS-L*4(1-+*%-?/-?/%%/"-1/;'"&?/1-#;-

&((4;%"#%&+@-T@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+MF-HD/-;D*"%-#+;L/"-%*-%D&;-34/;%&*+-&;-%D#%-?*%D- (/0&'#(&)#%&*+-#+1-@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-#"/-&+8*(8/1F-HD/-"/$#&+1/"-*9-%D/-="/;

/+%-=#=/"-L&((-/0=#+1-*+-%D&;-;D*"%-#+;L/"F-I/'%&*+-R-L&((-1&;'4;;-="*@"/;;&*+- NRS-&+-%/"$;-*9-@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+F-I/'%&*+-O-L&((-%D/+-1&;'4;;-&%-&+-%/"$;-*9- (/0&'#(&)#%&*+F- 2&+#((5,- ;/'%&*+- ]- L&((- 1&;'4;;- %D/- "/(#%&*+;D&=- ?/%L//+- @"#$

$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-#+1-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+,-9&";%-&+-"/(#%&*+-%*-%D/-="*@"/;;&*+-&+-NRS-#+1-

%D/+-$*"/-@/+/"#((5F

1. GRAMMATICALIZATION IN RELATION TO THE PROGRESSION IN NRSF-m4"5n*L&')M;- NRaj_6-_OS-1/9&+&%&*+-*9-@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-&;-L&1/(5-34*%/16-o@"#$$#%&'#(&)#

%&*+- '*+;&;%;- &+- %D/- &+'"/#;/- *9- %D/- "#+@/- *9- #- $*"=D/$/- #18#+'&+@- 9"*$- #- (/0&'#(- %*- #- @"#$$#%&'#(- *"- 9"*$- #- (/;;- @"#$$#%&'#(- %*- #- $*"/- @"#$$#%&'#(-

;%#%4;Fp-H5=&'#(-/0#$=(/;-&+8*(8/-8/"?;-$/#+&+@-T@&8/M-1/8/(*=&+@-="/=*;&%&*+#(- 4;/;-L&%D-$/#+&+@;-;4'D-#;-T%*M-*"-T9*"MU-*"-94%4"/-%/+;/-$#">/";-1/8/(*=&+@- 9"*$-8/"?;-$/#+&+@-TL#+%M-*"-8/"?;-*9-$*%&*+-N/F@F,-be going toSF-G+*%D/"-#=

="*#'D- L&%D&+- @"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+- ;%41&/;,- "/="/;/+%/1- ?5- !&8q+- N/F@F,- Raja6- OPaS,-1&;'4;;/;-@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-&+-%/"$;-*9-o'5'(&'-L#8/;,-LD&'D-$#5-?/- 'D#"#'%/"&)/1-"*4@D(5-#;6-

1-HD/-/0#$=(/;-#"/-%#>/+-9"*$-.#%&+,-I(*8/+&#+-#+1-2"/+'DF-HD/-'(&%&';-#"/-&+-?*(1-&%#(&';-

&+-/#'D-'#;/,-#;-&;-#(;*-%D/-8/"?X;499&0-&+-NVSF

(3)

— j —

V&;'*4";/- W- I5+%#0- W- d*"=D*(*@5- W- d*"=D*=D*+/$&';- W- r/"*Fp

HD&;-#=="*#'D,-9*"-&+;%#+'/,-;//;-%D/-;5+%#'%&'-+*%&*+-*9-T;4?E/'%M-#;-%D/-@"#$

$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-*9-%D/-1&;'*4";/X="#@$#%&'-+*%&*+-*9-T%*=&'MF-:*$?&+&+@-#;=/'%;-

*9-%D/;/-%L*-#=="*#'D/;,-H"#4@*%%-#+1-ms+&@-NRaaR6-RkaS-L"&%/-*9-o#-'*+%&+44$-

*9-?*+1/1+/;;-9"*$-&+1/=/+1/+%-4+&%;-*''4""&+@-&+-;5+%#'%&'#((5-"/(#%&8/(5-9"//- '*+;%"4'%&*+;-#%-*+/-/+1-*9-%D/-'*+%&+44$-%*-(/;;-1/=/+1/+%-4+&%;-;4'D-#;-'(&%

&';,-'*++/'%&8/;,-=#"%&'(/;,-*"-#40&(&#"&/;,-%*-94;/1-#@@(4%&+#%&8/-'*+;%"4'%&*+;,-

&+9(/'%&*+;-#+1-9&+#((5-%*-)/"*Fp-

HD/-="*@"/;;&*+-&+-NRS-"/="/;/+%;-%D/-$&11(/-*9-%D/-'D#&+-*9-@"#$$#%&'#(

&)#%&*+F-HD/-94%4"/X%/+;/-$#">/"-!"-&+-:"*#%&#+-/0#$=(/-NOS,-#%-;%#@/-G-*9-NRS,-

?/(*+@;-%*-%D/-=#"#1&@$-!#,-!"$,-!",-!"%&,-!"'",-!",-LD&'D-#"/-%D/-4+;%"/;;/1-

%"4+'#%/1- 9*"$;- *9- %D/- ="/;/+%- %/+;/- *9- %D/- 8/"?-htjeti ((&!#,-(&!"$,-(&!",- (&!"%&,-(&!"'",-(&!"SF-G;-#-(/0&'#(-$#&+-8/"?,-%D&;-8/"?-$/#+;-T%*-L#+%MF-[+-

*%D/"- L*"1;,- %D/- :"*#%&#+- N#+1- I/"?&#+S- 94%4"/X%/+;/- $#">/";- D#8/- #("/#15- 4+1/"@*+/-@"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-*9-#-(/0&'#(-8/"?F

NOS- \:"^- \d*E- \!"# $%&^- ;(4@#^- 1#%&- "&E/B+&>

- - $5- L&((- %*F5*4- ;/"8#+%- @&8/- 1&'%&*+#"5 - - Td5-;/"8#+%-L&((-@&8/-5*4-%D/-1&'%&*+#"5M

G%- %D/- *%D/"- /+1- *9- %D/- @"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+- 'D#&+,- %D/- ;%#@/- #9%/"- ;%#@/- V- *9- NRS-'*+;&;%;-&+-%D/-(*;;-*9-#99&0/;,-#;-LD/+-&+-%D/-D&;%*"5-*9-7+@(&;D-%D/-1#%&8/-

;&+@4(#"-&+9(/'%&*+-e-L#;-(*;%-9"*$-$#;'4(&+/-#+1-+/4%/"-+*4+;-Nt7-cyninge T%*-%D/->&+@M,-scipe-T%*-%D/-;D&=MSF

[+-#%-(/#;%-%L*-"/;=/'%;-NRS-"/="/;/+%;-="*@"/;;&8/(5-&+'"/#;&+@-@"#$$#%&'#(

&)#%&*+F-G%-;%#@/-G,-%D/-'(&%&';-#"/-=*;&%&*+/1-*+-#-1&;'*4";/X="#@$#%&'-?#;&;,-&+-

#''*"1#+'/-L&%D-%D/-="&+'&=(/-%D#%-T@&8/+M-&+9*"$#%&*+-="/'/1/;-T+/LM-&+9*"$#

%&*+F-[+-%D/-'#;/-*9-="*+*4+;,-%D/5-#"/-@&8/+-&+-%D/-;/+;/-%D#%-%D/-;=/#>/"->+*L;- LD*-*"-LD#%-%D/5-"/9/"-%*,-#+1-#;;4$/;-#(;*-%D#%-%D/&"-"/9/"/+'/-&;-'(/#"-%*-%D/- (&;%/+/"F-HD/5-#"/-%D4;-#8#&(#?(/-#%-%D/-?/@&++&+@-*9-%D/-;%"4'%4"/-&+-LD&'D-%D/5-

*''4"F-G(;*,-;&+'/-+*%-*+(5-="*+*4+;-D#8/-#+-T#+%/'/1/+%M-?4%-#(;*,-/F@F,-=#;%-

#+1- 94%4"/- %/+;/,- &+- %D/- 9*"$- *9- #- 94((- ;=/'&9&'#%&*+- *9- %D/- %&$/- &+- 34/;%&*+,-

#40&(&#"5-'(&%&';-$#5-?/-%"/#%/1-&+-#-=#"#((/(-L#5-%*-="*+*$&+#(-'(&%&';F-G;-9*"- LD5-%D/-'(&%&';-1*-+*%-*''4"-&+-#?;*(4%/-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-=*;&%&*+,-%D&;-L*4(1-?/-=*;

;&?(/-&9-%D/-'(&%&';-L/"/-T="*'(&%&'M,-&F/F,-'#=#?(/-*9-?/&+@-#%%#'D/1-%*-#-9*((*L&+@-

#''/+%/1-L*"1F-HD/-:"*#%&#+-'(&%&';-%D#%-L/-#"/-'*+'/"+/1-L&%D-#"/,-D*L/8/",-

;%"&'%(5-T/+'(&%&'M,-&F/F,-%D/5-+//1-%*-?/-#%%#'D/1-%*-#-="/'/1&+@-#''/+%/1-L*"1F- HD&;- $#5- L/((- ?/- "/(#%/1- %*- %D/- 9#'%- %D#%- &+- %D/- %"4+'#%&*+- ="*'/;;,- LD/"/?5- 4+;%"/;;/1-!#-T[-L&((M-#+1-ga TD&$M-#"/-1/"&8/1-9"*$-%D/&"-;%"/;;/1-'*4+%/"=#"%;- (&!# and njega,-&%-&;-#-="/'/1&+@-;%"/;;/1-;5((#?(/-%D#%-&;-(*;%F-NHD/-;%#%4;-*9-

%D/- '*""/;=*+1&+@- I(*8/+&#+- '(&%&';- L&((- ?/- '*$$/+%/1- *+- &+- ;/'%&*+- OFS- G%-

#+5-"#%/,-#%-;%#@/-G-*9-NRS-%D/-'(&%&';-#"/-=*;&%&*+/1-*+-#-1&;'*4";/X="#@$#%&'-

?#;&;F-J5-;%#@/-:,-*+-%D/-*%D/"-D#+1,-LD/"/-%D/-'(&%&';-#"/-?/&+@-#%%#'D/1,-+*%-

%*-LD#%/8/"-="/'/1/;-%D/$-&+-9&";%-=*;&%&*+-?4%-;=/'&9&'#((5-%*-#-8/"?,-%D/-'(&%&';-

#"/-?/&+@-=*;&%&*+/1-*+-#-@"#$$#%&'#(-?#;&;F

(4)

G- ;/'*+1- /0#$=(/- *9- &+'"/#;&+@- @"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+- &+8*(8/;- ;%#@/- :- #+1- LD#%-&;->+*L+-#;-o'(&%&'-1*4?(&+@Fp-[+-;*$/-(#+@4#@/;-L&%D-8/"?X#1E#'/+%-'(&%&';- N#;-*==*;/1-%*-O<-'(&%&';S,-#-'(&%&'-="*+*4+-#%%#'D/1-%*-%D/-8/"?-#@"//;-L&%D-#+,-

#(;*-="/;/+%,-94((-Y<-*?E/'%-#+1-&;-%D/"/9*"/-#+-#@"//$/+%-$#">/"-"#%D/"-%D#+-

#-="*+*4+F-G-"/(/8#+%-d#'/1*+&#+-/0#$=(/-&;-@&8/+-#;-N]S6- N]S- \d#^- d#"&E#- go- =*)+#8#- Z(#1*

- - d#"5- D&$- >+*L;- Z(#1*

- - Td#"5->+*L;-Z(#1*M

2&+#((5,-8/"?X#99&0/;-#%-;%#@/-V-*9-NRS-#"/-$*"/-%&@D%(5-?*4+1-%*-%D/&"-8/"?X

;%/$- %D#+- 8/"?X'(&%&';- #%- ;%#@/- :- `- /F@F,- %D/- 2"/+'D- '(&%&';- &((4;%"#%/1- &+- %D/-

&+%"*14'%&*+-D#8/-#-@"/#%/"-1/@"//-*9-&+1/=/+1/+'/-%*-%D/-/0%/+%-%D#%-%D/5-$#5-

*''4"-/&%D/"-#;-/+'(&%&';-*"-#;-="*'(&%&';,-LD/"/#;-%D/-94%4"/X$#">/"-&+-%D/-;%#@/- V-/0#$=(/-&;-%&/1-%*-%D/-;499&0-=*;&%&*+F

2. LEXICALIZATION IN RELATION TO THE PROGRESSION IN (1).

HD/-8&/L-*9-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+-&+8*>/1-?5-J/++/%%-NOPPQ6-OkP`kR,-OPRR6-_jS-L#;-%D#%-

*9-.#$?-NRaaa6-RQ]`jPS,-&F/F,-%D#%-'*$?&+#%&*+;-*9-$*"=D/$/;-%D#%-9"/34/+%(5- '*X*''4"-#"/-(&>/(5-%*-?/'*$/-;%*"/1-&+-%D/-?"#&+-#;-4+&%;F-.#+@#'>/"M;-NRaaa6- a]`RPP,- ROR`_U- OPPk6- RQ`RjS- 1&;'4;;&*+- *9- T/+%"/+'D$/+%M- &;- 8/"5- ;&$&(#"F- J5?//-NOPRP6-jS-4;/;-%D/-%/"$-T'D4+>&+@M-9*"-%D/-;#$/-'*+'/=%-#+1-1/9&+/;-&%-

#;-o%D/-="*'/;;-?5-LD&'D-;/34/+'/;-*9-4+&%;-%D#%-#"/-4;/1-%*@/%D/"-'*D/"/-%*- 9*"$-$*"/-'*$=(/0-4+&%;Fp-b/=/%&%&*+-&;-/;;/+%&#(-&+-%D&;-="*'/;;-#+1-#((-%D"//- L"&%/";-#;;4$/-%D#%-%D/-$*"/-9"/34/+%(5-#-=#"%&'4(#"-'*$?&+#%&*+-&;-4;/1,-%D/-

;%"*+@/"-&%;-"/="/;/+%#%&*+-?/'*$/;,-L&%D-%D/-"/;4(%-%D#%-&%-&;-%D/+-$*"/-#''/;

;&?(/-&+-(#+@4#@/-="*14'%&*+-#+1-'*$="/D/+;&*+F-G((-%D"//-L"&%/";-#(;*-4;/-%D/-

%/"$-T="/9#?"&'#%/1-/0="/;;&*+;M-9*"-'*$?&+#%&*+;-%D#%-#"/-"/%"&/8/1-#;-#-LD*(/- 9"*$- $/$*"5- "#%D/"- %D#+- '"/#%/1- #9"/;D- 9"*$- %D/&"- '*+;%&%4/+%;- N.#$?- Raa6- RQaU-.#+@#'>/"-OPPk6-RaU-J5?//-OPRP6-R_,-]u,-QPSF

<"/9#?"&'#%/1-/0="/;;&*+;-'#+-4+1/"@*-'D#+@/-*+-#((-(&+@4&;%&'-(/8/(;,-&+'(41

&+@- ;/$#+%&'#((5- #+1- =D*+/%&'#((5- `- /F@F,-business- &;- +*- (*+@/"- ;/$#+%&'#((5-

%"#+;=#"/+%,-#+1-&%;-="*+4+'&#%&*+-D#;-#(;*-4+1/"@*+/-"/14'%&*+F-HD/-1/9&+&%&*+-

*9- (/0&'#(&)#%&*+- &+- J"&+%*+- v- H"#4@*%%- NOPP_6- aQS- #;;4$/;- %D#%- (/0&'#(&)/1- /0="/;;&*+;-#"/-+/'/;;#"&(5-&1&*$#%&'6-o%D/-+/L-'*+%/+%94(-9*"$-\D#;^-9*"$#(-

#+1-;/$#+%&'-="*=/"%&/;-%D#%-#"/-+*%-'*$=(/%/(5-1/"&8#?(/-*"-="/1&'%#?(/-9"*$-

%D/-'*+;%&%4/+%;Fp-.#$?,-*+-%D/-*%D/"-D#+1,-L"&%/;-NRaQa6-RQuS6-o(/0&'#(&)#%&*+- '*$/;- #?*4%- ;&$=(5- #;- #- "/;4(%- *9- "/=/#%/1- *''4""/+'/;,- LD/%D/"- *"- +*%- %D/- '*$?&+#%&*+;-#"/-;/$#+%&'#((5-%"#+;=#"/+%Fp-w/-;4@@/;%;-%D#%,-9*"-$*;%-;=/#>/";-

*9-7+@(&;D,-%D/-L*"1-happiness-NLD&'D-&;-;/$#+%&'#((5-%"#+;=#"/+%-"#%D/"-%D#+-

&1&*$#%&'S-&;-;%*"/1-#;-#-4+&%,-"#%D/"-%D#+-'"/#%/1-#9"/;D-/#'D-%&$/-&%-&;-4;/1,-

;&$=(5-?/'#4;/-&%-D#;-?//+-D/#"1-#+1-;#&1-;*-$#+5-%&$/;-NRaQa6-RQ]SF-

:"*#%&#+-/0#$=(/-NuS-&((4;%"#%/;-#-;%#@/XG-O<-'(&%&'-`-%D/-N];@S-#40&(&#"5-8/"?- je- *''4";- #9%/"- %D/- 9&";%- L*"1- *9- #- '*$=(/0- '*+;%&%4/+%, moja … sestra- T$5-

;&;%/"M,-%D/"/?5-&+%/""4=%&+@-&%F

(5)

— a —

NuS- \:"^- \d*E#- \je^- ;/;%"#^- &)"#;(#- 4- ="/>"#;+4- 1E/8*E>4 - - $5- #40F=#;%²- ;&;%/"- @"*L+- &+%*- 8/"5F?/#4%&94(- @&"(

- - Td5-;&;%/"-D#;-@"*L+-&+%*-#-8/"5-?/#4%&94(-@&"(M

G-94"%D/"-/0#$=(/-*9-#+-&+%/""4=%/1-'*$=(/0-;4?E/'%-&;-@&8/+-&+-N_S,-jedan … od njih T*+/-*9-%D/$M,-LD&(/-&+-NQS-%D/-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-&+%/""4=%/1-'*+;%&%4/+%-&;-

#+-#18/"?&#(-=D"#;/6-)*+","!"-.-/&,01"-T+/0%-5/#"MF

N_S- \:"^- \h/1#+- \ga je^- *1- +E&D^- 41#"&*- A#>*$

- - *+/- D&$- #40F=#;%- *9- %D/$- D&%- L&%DF9&;%

- - Tt+/-*9-%D/$-D&%-D&$-L&%D-D&;-9&;%M

NQS- \:"^- \I(E/1/x/- \!"# '"] @*1&+/^- 9*"$&"#%&- E/1+#- (&@#

- - +/0%- L&((- ;/(9- 5/#"- 9*"$- *+/- (/#@4/

- - TY/0%-5/#"-*+/-(/#@4/-L&((-?/-9*"$/1M

HD/-:"*#%&#+-'(&%&';,-*"-'(&%&'-'(4;%/";,-%D#%-L/-#"/-1/#(&+@-L&%D-#"/-;%"&'%(5- /+'(&%&'-"#%D/"-%D#+-="*'(&%&'-`-%D/5-+//1-%*-?/-#%%#'D/1-%*-#-="/'/1&+@-;%"/;;/1- L*"1- "#%D/"- %D#+- #- 9*((*L&+@- ;%"/;;/1- L*"1F- HD/- ="*?(/$- L&%D- '(#4;/X&+&%&#(- '*$=(/0-'*+;%&%4/+%;-&;-%D#%-%D/5-#"/-*9%/+-;#&1-*+-#-;/=#"#%/-&+%*+#%&*+-=#%%/"+- 9"*$-%D/-"/$#&+1/"-*9-%D/&"-'(#4;/,-LD&'D-&+-%4"+-$/#+;-%D#%-%D/5-#"/-;*$/%&$/;- 9*((*L/1-?5-#-?"&/9-=#4;/F-:(&%&';-9*((*L&+@-;4'D-#-=#4;/-L*4(1-?/-="*'(&%&'-%*-

#-9*((*L&+@-;%"/;;/1-L*"1F-w*L/8/",-*%D/"-;%"#%/@&/;-#"/-#8#&(#?(/-9*"-#''*$

$*1#%&+@-%D/-'(&%&';-#;-/+'(&%&';,-?/;&1/;-&+%/""4=%&+@-%D/-&+&%&#(-'*+;%&%4/+%F-2*"-

&+;%#+'/,-%D/-'(&%&';-'#+-?/-=(#'/1-&+-;/'*+1-=*;&%&*+-&+-LD#%-"/$#&+;-*9-#-'(#4;/-

#9%/"-&%;-&+&%&#(-'*+;%&%4/+%F-HD&;-;%"#%/@5-&;-*+-%D/-LD*(/-="/9/""/1-%*-=(#'&+@-

%D/-'(&%&';-&$$/1&#%/(5-#9%/"-%D/-&+&%&#(-'*$=(/0-'*+;%&%4/+%F-HD4;-Nu#S,-N_#S-#+1- NQ#S-#"/-&+-@/+/"#(-="/9/""/1-%*-Nu?S,-N_?S-#+1-NQ?SF-w*L/8/",-LD/+-%D/-&+&%&#(- '*+;%&%4/+%-&;-+*%-=#"%&'4(#"(5-'*$=(/0,-&%-&;-?5-+*-$/#+;-+/'/;;#"&(5-9*((*L/1-

?5-#-=#4;/F-HD4;-Nu?S,-9*"-&+;%#+'/,-&;-#(;*-8/"5-#''/=%#?(/F

Nu#S- d*E#- ;/;%"# &)"#;(#- je- 4- ="/>"#;+4- 1E/8*E>4 Nu?S d*E#- ;/;%"# je- &)"#;(#- 4- ="/>"#;+4- 1E/8*E>4

N_#S- h/1#+- *1- +E&D- 41#"&*- ga je- A#>*$

N_?S- h/1#+- *1- +E&D- ga je- 41#"&*- A#>*$

NQ#S- I(E/1/x/- @*1&+/- 9*"$&"#%³ !"# '"# E/1+#- (&@#

NQ?S- I(E/1/x/- @*1&+/- !"# '"# 9*"$&"#%&- E/1+#- (&@#

70#$=(/-NjS-&;-#-"#%D/"-$*"/-'*$=(/0-/0#$=(/-?/@&++&+@-L&%D-%L*-'*$=(/0- '*+;%&%4/+%;F

2-HD/-#40&(&#"5-je-&+-NOS-&;-#-9*"$-*9-%D/-="/;/+%-%/+;/-*9-%D/-8/"?-biti-T%*-?/MF-[-D#8/-@(*;;/1-

&%-#;-T#40F=#;%M-?/'#4;/-&%-&;-4;/1-D/"/-&+-9*"$&+@-%D/-=#;%-%/+;/F

3-HD/-9&+#(-C&C-*9-%D/-&+9&+&%&8/-&;-*$&%%/1-LD/+-&%-&;-9*((*L/1-?5-%D/-4+;%"/;;/1-9*"$;-*9-

%D/-94%4"/-#40&(&#"5F

(6)

NjS- \:"^- \r?*@- +/>*@- +/=*)+#%*@- "#)(*@#^- \%/(/>"#+- 4- 1+/8+*E- ;*?&^

- \?/'#4;/F*9- ;*$/- 4+>+*L+- "/#;*+^- \%/(/;'"//+- &+- (&8&+@-- "**$^

- - - ?&*- je- +#- +/*?&B+*$- $E/;%4

- - - ?//+- #40F=#;%- #%- 4+4;4#(- =(#'/

- - T2*"-;*$/-"/#;*+-%D/-%/(/;'"//+-&+-%D/-(&8&+@-"**$-L#;-&+-#+-4+4;4#(-=*;&%&*+M- [%-L&((-?/-;//+-%D#%-%D/-/+'(&%&'-#40&(&#"5-8/"?-&;-#%%#'D/1-D/"/-%*-%D/-%D&"1-'*+

;%&%4/+%,-%D/-=#"%&'&=(/-bio-T?//+MF-G+-#(%/"+#%&8/-;%"#%/@5-&+-%D&;-/0#$=(/-L*4(1-

?/-%*-&+%/""4=%-/&%D/"-%D/-9&";%-*"-%D/-;/'*+1-'*+;%&%4/+%,-#;-&+-Nj#S-#+1-Nj?SF- Nj#S- \r?*@- +/>*@- je^u- +/=*)+#%*@- "#)(*@#^-- \%/(/>"#+- 4 - \?/'#4;/F*9- ;*$/- #40F=#;%- 4+>+*L+- "/#;*+^- \%/(/;'"//+- &+

- - 1+/8+*E- ;*?&^-- ?&*- +#- +/*?&B+*$- $E/;%4

- - (&8&+@- "**$^- ?//+- #%- 4+4;4#(- =(#'/

Nj?S- \r?*@- +/>*@- +/=*)+#%*@- "#)(*@#^-- \%/(/>"#+- je u

- \?/'#4;/F*9- ;*$/- 4+>+*L+- "/#;*+^- \%/(/;'"//+- #40F=#;%- &+

dnevnoj ;*?&^-- ?&*- +#- +/*?&B+*$- $E/;%4

- - (&8&+@- "**$^ ?//+- #%- 4+4;4#(- =(#'/

[+-9#'%,-D*L/8/",-NjS-L#;-="/9/""/1-%*-/&%D/"-Nj#S-*"-Nj?S-`-%D/-/0#$=(/-'*$/;- 9"*$-%D/-:"*#%&#+-%"#+;(#%&*+-*9-!/*"@/-t"L/((M;-+*8/(-201"'""1-30/('456&#7

`-#+1-&%-&;-+#%4"#(-%*-;=/'4(#%/-*+-LD5-%D/-%"#+;(#%*"-*=%/1-9*"-8/";&*+-NjSF-HD&;-

&;-LD/"/-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+,-*"-/+%"/+'D$/+%,-?/'*$/;-"/(/8#+%F

:*$?&+#%&*+;-;4'D-#;-happy-l-ness-#"/-"/@#"1/1-?5-.#$?-NRaaa6-RQaS-#+1- .#+@#'>/"-NOPPk6-RaS-#;-?/&+@-"/%"&/8/1-9"*$-$/$*"5-#;-="/9#?"&'#%/1-/0="/;

;&*+;F-[+-#-;&$&(#"-L#5,-&%-;//$;-(&>/(5-%D#%-#-:"*#%&#+-'*$?&+#%&*+-;4'D-#;-bio l-je-&;-;%*"/1-#;-#-="/9#?"&'#%/1-/0="/;;&*+-#+1-%D/"/9*"/-"/#1&(5-#8#&(#?(/-&+-

%D/-;=//'D-="*14'%&*+-="*'/;;F-HD/-8/"?-biti T%*-?/M-&;-*+/-*9-%D/-$*;%-9"/34/+%- 8/"?;-&+-%D/-(#+@4#@/F-G''*"1&+@-%*-#-!**@(/-;/#"'D-'#""&/1-*4%-*+-:"*#%&#+-

%/0%;- *+- h#+4#"5- OP,- OPRO,- %D/- '*$?&+#%&*+-udario ga je- TN1&1S- D&%- D&$M- `- #;-

&+- /0#$=(/- N_#S- `- *''4""/1- 'F- QQ_,PPP- %&$/;F⁵- J5- '*+%"#;%,-bio je TD#;- ?//+C L#;M-*''4""/1-'F-]P,RPP,PPP-%&$/;F-d*"/*8/",-+*%-*+(5-&;-biti *+/-*9-%D/-$*;%- 9"/34/+%-8/"?;,-?4%-&%-#(;*-9"/34/+%(5-*''4";-&+-&%;-=#"%&'&=&#(-9*"$-bioCbilaCbilo N#+1-%D/-'*""/;=*+1&+@-=(4"#(-9*"$;S-&+-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-=*;&%&*+-9*((*L/1-&$$/

1&#%/(5-?5-#-'(&%&'-#40&(&#"5F-[+-#-'F-_,_PP-L*"1-;#$=(/-*9-%D/-:"*#%&#+-8/";&*+- of 201"'""1-30/('456&#7-%D/"/-L/"/-OO-/0#$=(/;-*9-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-=#"%&'&=(/-l-

#40&(&#"5- '*$?&+#%&*+;,- *9- LD&'D- a- &+8*(8/1- %D/- 8/"?- T%*- ?/MF- [%- L*4(1- ;//$-

%D#%-%D/-="/9#?"&'#%/1-/0="/;;&*+;-bio je,-/%'F,-#"/-?#;/1-*+-%D/;/-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-

*''4""/+'/;,-LD/"/-%D/-'(&%&'-*''4";-#%-O<F-yD/+,-*+-%D/-*%D/"-D#+1,-9*"-"/#;*+;-

- u-HD/-&+%/""4=%&*+-*9-#-="/=*;&%&*+#(-=D"#;/-%#>/;-=(#'/-L&%D&+-&%;-+*4+-=D"#;/-'*+;%&%4/+%,- +*%-?/%L//+-%D/-="/=*;&%&*+-#+1-%D/-Y<F

5-HD/-;D*"%/"-'*$?&+#%&*+-udario je-TN1&1S-D&%M-*''4""/1-'F-]_],PPP-%&$/;F-G;-9*"-LD5-%D&;- '*$?&+#%&*+-L#;-(/;;-9"/34/+%-%D#+-%D/-(*+@/"-'*$?&+#%&*+-L&%D-%D/-="*+*4+-ga-TD&$M,-

&%-&;-=*;;&?(/-%D#%-%D/-*?E/'%-*9-%D/-8/"?-udariti-T%*-D&%M-&;-$*"/-*9%/+-T@&8/+M-%D#+-T+/LM-

#+1-%D/"/9*"/-$*"/-*9%/+-%D#+-+*%-&+1&'#%/1-?5-#-="*+*4+F

(7)

— 11 —

*9- 1&;'*4";/- ;%"4'%4"/,- #- =#"%&'&=&#(- 9*"$- *9-biti- *''4";- (#%/"- &+- #- '(#4;/,- %D/- /0&;%/+'/-*9-%D/-="/9#?"&'#%/1-/0="/;;&*+-#((*L;-&%-%*-%#>/-&%;-#40&(&#"5-#(*+@- L&%D-&%F-[+-%D&;-L#5-%D/-#40&(&#"5-@/%;-#%%#'D/1-%*-#-N(#%/"S-8/"?-"#%D/"-%D#+-*'

'4""&+@-#%-O<F-[+-%D/-'*$=/%&%&*+-?/%L//+-#%%#'D&+@-%D/-'(&%&'-%*-LD#%/8/"-&;-&+- 9&";%-=*;&%&*+-#+1-#%%#'D&+@-&%-%*-#-(#%/"-8/"?,-%D/-8/"?-L&+;-*4%-&+-%D&;-&+;%#+'/-

?/'#4;/-*9-%D/-@"/#%/"-1/@"//-*9-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+-&+-%D/-'*$?&+#%&*+-&+-34/;%&*+F I4==*"%-9*"-%D&;-#''*4+%-*9-%D/-9#'%;-'*$/;-#(;*-9"*$-<*(&;DF-G;-"/=*"%/1-

?5-G+1/";/+-NRakj6-]_S,-b&%%/(-*?;/"8/1-9*"-%D&;-(#+@4#@/-NRaj_6-ROP,-RuQS-%D#%-

%D/-/#"(&/;%-=#"%&'&=(/;-%*-#%%"#'%-=/";*+X#+1X+4$?/"-$#">/";-#L#5-9"*$-O<-%*-

#- (#%/"- =*;&%&*+- &+- '(#4;/;- L/"/6-849,-:&)';9,-%0;9,-%</9 and =(=0;9,- 9"*$- %D/- 8/"?;-$/#+&+@-T?/M,-T?/'*$/M,-TD#8/M,-T?/-#?(/-%*M-#+1-TL#+%M,-LD&'D-#"/-#$*+@-

%D/-$*;%-9"/34/+%(5-4;/1-8/"?;-&+-%D/-(#+@4#@/F

H"#+;&%&*+-G-W-J-&+-NRS-&$=(&/;-%D#%-%D/-#?&(&%5-9*"-#-(#+@4#@/-%*-&+%/""4=%-#- '(#4;/X&+&%&#(-'*$=(/0-'*+;%&%4/+%-&;-@"#14#((5-(*;%F-b/&+>*L;>&-NOPPRS-&+8/;%&

@#%/1-%D/-4;/-*9-'(&%&';-&+-I/"?&#+-#+1-:"*#%&#+-%D"*4@D*4%-%D/-OP^%D-'/+%4"5-?5- '#""5&+@-*4%-%/0%4#(-#+#(5;&;-*+-I/"?&#+-#+1-:"*#%&#+-+/L;=#=/"-#"%&'(/;-9"*$-

%D/-5/#";-RaP_,-Ra]_,-RaQ_-#+1-Raa_F-I=/'&9&'#((5,-D/"-1#%#-'*+;&;%/1-*9-R,PPP-

;/+%/+'/;- 9"*$- /#'D- 5/#"- 9*"- /#'D- *9- I/"?&#+- #+1- :"*#%&#+- Nk,PPP- /0#$=(/;-

#(%*@/%D/"SF- H#?(/- R- @&8/;- %D/- 9&@4"/;- 9*"- &+%/""4=%/1- '(#4;/X&+&%&#(- '*$=(/0- '*+;%&%4/+%;-&+-D/"-1#%#F

1905 1935 1965 1995

1'0)23& 56 5 3 5

40/3523& RQu RRu _j 215

Table 1. >*;#)"5010'0;*-01'"77#?'",-=&1)'0'#"1')-01-1"@)?;?"7-'"A')-B8;)",-&1-CDEEE-

"A;%?*")-&F-=*0'0=)-F&7-";=(-4";7-;1,-,0;*"='G*;1/#;/"H

b/&+>*L;>&M;-9&@4"/;-"/8/#(-%D#%,-%D"*4@D*4%-%D/-=/"&*1-&+-34/;%&*+,-:"*#%&#+- 4;/1- $*"/- &+%/""4=%/1- '*+;%&%4/+%;- %D#+- I/"?&#+F- HD&;- L#;- ;4==*"%/1- ?5- $5-

*L+- 9&@4"/;- 9"*$- %D/- ;/=#"#%/- I/"?&#+- #+1- :"*#%&#+- %"#+;(#%&*+;- *9- t"L/((M;- 201"'""1- 30/('456&#7,- LD/"/- '*""/;=*+1&+@- _,_PPXL*"1- =#;;#@/;- '*+%#&+&+@-

#=="*0&$#%/(5-uPP-'(&%&'-'(4;%/";-5&/(1/1-j-/0#$=(/;-*9-&+%/""4=%/1-'*+;%&%4

/+%;- 9*"- I/"?&#+- #+1- RQ- /0#$=(/;- 9*"- :"*#%&#+F- y/- ;//- #(;*- %D#%- %D/- 4;/- *9-

&+%/""4=%/1-'*+;%&%4/+%;-L#;-@"#14#((5-1/'(&+&+@-%D"*4@D*4%-%D/-OP%D-'/+%4"5-

&+-?*%D-I/"?&#+-#+1-:"*#%&#+,-&+-#''*"1#+'/-L&%D-%"#+;&%&*+-G-W-J-*9-NRS,-#%- (/#;%-4+%&(-RaQ_F-HD/-%/0%;-9*"-Raa_-N#9%/"-%D/-?"/#>X4=-*9-z4@*;(#8&#S-"/8/#(/1-

#- ?&@- &+'"/#;/- &+- %D/- +4$?/"- *9- &+%/""4=%/1- '*+;%&%4/+%;- &+- :"*#%&#+F- [+- #+- /#"(&/"-=#=/"-NOPPQ6-OkQ`jS-[-L"*%/-%D#%-#L#"/+/;;-*9-%D/-9#'%-%D#%-&+%/""4=%/1- '(#4;/X&+&%&#(-'*+;%&%4/+%;-#"/-#-9/#%4"/-*9-:"*#%&#+-$*"/-%D#+-*9-I/"?&#+-$#5- D#8/-/+'*4"#@/1-:"*#%&#+-L"&%/";,-&+-%D/-+/L-=*(&%&'#(-;&%4#%&*+,-%*-/$=(*5-%D/-

;%"4'%4"/-&+-34/;%&*+-#;-#-L#5-*9-1&99/"/+%&#%&+@-%D/$;/(8/;-(&+@4&;%&'#((5-9"*$- I/"?;F-G%-#+5-"#%/,-&%-L*4(1-;//$-%D#%-%D/-+#%4"#(-%/+1/+'5-9*"-&+%/""4=%/1-'*+

;%&%4/+%;-@"#14#((5-%*-@&8/-L#5-%*-*%D/"-;%"4'%4"/;-D#;-?//+-"/8/";/1,-#%-(/#;%- 9*"-%D/-%&$/-?/&+@,-&+-:"*#%&#+F-

(8)

y&%D&+-%D/-+*"$#(-="*@"/;;&*+,-D*L/8/",-LD/"/?5-&+%/""4=%/1-'*+;%&%4/+%;-

#"/-@"#14#((5-(*;%,-&%-$4;%-?/-%D/-'#;/-%D#%-;*$/-;%"4'%4"/;-1&/-*4%-?/9*"/-*%D

/";U- #+1- #+- *?8&*4;- D5=*%D/;&;- &;- %D#%- %D/- $*;%- (/0&'#(&)/1- ;%"4'%4"/;- L*4(1-

=/";&;%-(*+@/;%F-G-!**@(/-;/#"'D-*+-:"*#%&#+-%/0%;,-'#""&/1-*4%-*+-G4@4;%-R,- OPPa,⁶- ;4@@/;%/1- %D#%- &+%/""4=%/1- 8/";&*+;- *9-sve to- T#((- %D#%M- #"/- (/0&'#(&)/1-

%*-#-@"/#%/"-1/@"//-%D#+-&+%/""4=%/1-8/";&*+;-*9-';-I"1;-T%D#%-L*$#+MF-I=/'&9&

'#((5,-%D/-+*+X&+%/""4=%/1-;%"4'%4"/-';-I"1;-jec-T%D#%-L*$#+-D#;-N#40S-C-&;-cM- L#;-R{-%&$/;-$*"/-9"/34/+%-%D#+-%D/-'*""/;=*+1&+@-&+%/""4=%/1-;%"4'%4"/-ta je I"1;c-J5-'*+%"#;%,-%D/-&+%/""4=%/1-;%"4'%4"/-sve je toc-N#((-D#;C&;-%D#%cS-T#((-

%D#%-D#;-N#40S-C-&;cM-L#;-Q-%&$/;-$*"/-9"/34/+%-%D#+-%D/-'*""/;=*+1&+@-+*+X

&+%/""4=%/1-;%"4'%4"/-sve to jec-HD4;-&+-#+-/0#$=(/-;4'D-#;-NkS-`-%#>/+-#@#&+- 9"*$-201"'""1-30/('456&#7-`-&%-&;-+#%4"#(-%*-4;/-%D/-&+%/""4=%/1-;%"4'%4"/-sve je to-"#%D/"-%D#+-sve to jeF-d*"/*8/",-;&+'/-&%-;//$;-(&>/(5-%D#%-%D/-'*$?&+#%&*+- utjerivalo je-D#;-#-"#%D/"-(*L-1/@"//-*9-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+C/+%"/+'D$/+%,-%D/-=*;;&?&(

&%5-*9-#%%#'D&+@-%D/-#40&(&#"5-&+-%D&;-&+;%#+'/-%*-%D/-N(#%/"S-=#"%&'&=(/-&;-D&@D(5- 4+(&>/(5F-G;-?/9*"/,-L/-'#+-%#(>-&+-%/"$;-*9-'*$=/%&%&*+,-#+1-#@#&+-%D/-=*;&%&*+- L&%D-%D/-D&@D/"-1/@"//-*9-(/0&'#(&)#%&*+-L&+;-*4%,-LD&'D-&+-%D&;-&+;%#+'/-&;-O<F

NkS- \:"^- ;8/- je- %* 4- B*8E/>#- 4%E/"&8#(*- ;%"#D*=*A%*8#+E/

- - #((- #40F=#;%- %D#%- &+%*- D4$#+F?/&+@- 1"*8/F&+- #L/

- - T#((-%D&;-L#;-&+%&$&1#%&+@M

G11&%&*+#(-(&@D%-'#+-?/-'#;%-*+-%D/-&;;4/;-L&%D-LD&'D-L/-D#8/-?//+-'*+'/"+/1-

?5- '*+;&1/"&+@- %D/- ;&%4#%&*+- &+- I(*8/+&#+F- H"#+;(#%&*+;- *9- :"*#%&#+- /0#$=(/;- NuS`NQS-&+%*-I(*8/+&#+-#"/-@&8/+-&+-NaS`NRRS,-"/;=/'%&8/(5,-#+1-%D/-8/";&*+;-&+- Na#S,- NRP#S- #+1- NRR#S,- LD&'D- ="/;/"8/- %D/- :"*#%&#+- L*"1- *"1/"- ?5- =(#'&+@- %D/- '(&%&';-&+;&1/-%D/-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-'*$=(/0-'*+;%&%4/+%,-#"/-4+@"#$$#%&'#(6-

NaS- \I(^- d*E#- ;/;%"#- je- )"#;(#- 8- ="/(/=*- 1/>(/

- - $5- ;&;%/"- #40F=#;%- @"*L+- &+%*- 8/"5F?/#4%&94(- @&"(

- - Td5-;&;%/"-D#;-@"*L+-&+%*-#-8/"5-?/#4%&94(-@&"(M

NRPS-\I(^- 71/+- *1- +E&D- ga je- 41#"&(- ;- =/;%E*

- - *+/- *9- %D/$- D&$- #40F=#;%- D&%- L&%D- 9&;%

- - Tt+/-*9-%D/$-D&%-D&$-L&%D-D&;-9&;%M

NRRS-\I(^- Y#;(/1+E/- (/%*- se bo- 9*"$&"#(#- /+#- (&@#

- - +/0%- 5/#"- ;/(9-- L&((- 9*"$- *+/- (/#@4/

- - TY/0%-5/#"-*+/-(/#@4/-L&((-?/-9*"$/1M

Na#S- \I(^- |d*E#- je- ;/;%"#- )"#;(#- 8- ="/(/=*- 1/>(/

NRP#S- \I(^- |71/+- ga je- *1-+E&D- 41#"&(- ;- =/;%E*

NRR#S- \I(^- |Y#;(/1+E/- se bo- (/%*- 9*"$&"#(#- /+#- (&@#

6-HD/-"/;4(%;-#"/-@&8/+-&+-J/++/%%-NOPRR6-Q]`uSF

(9)

— 13 —

G(;*,-'*""/;=*+1&+@-%*-%D/-;/+%/+'/;-*9-t"L/((M;-201"'""1-30/('456&#7-%"#+;

(#%/1-&+%*-:"*#%&#+-#;-NjS-#+1-NkS,-%D/-I(*8/+&#+-%"#+;(#%&*+-D#;-NROS-#+1-NR]S,-

"/;=/'%&8/(5,-+/&%D/"-*9-LD&'D-'*+%#&+;-#+-&+%/""4=%/1-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-'*+;%&%4/+%F NROS- \I(^- [)- +/)+#+/@#- "#)(*@#- je- ?&(- %/(/>"#+- 8- 1+/8+&- ;*?&

- - *4%F*9- 4+>+*L+- "/#;*+- #40F=#;%- ?//+- %/(/;'"//+- &+- (&8&+@- "**$

- - +#- +/*?&B#E+/$- $/;%4

- - #%- 4+4;4#(- =(#'/

- T2*"-;*$/-"/#;*+-%D/-%/(/;'"//+-&+-%D/-(&8&+@-"**$-L#;-&+- - #+-4+4;4#(-=*;&%&*+M

NR]S- \I(^- 8;/- %*- je- =(#A&(*

- - #((- %D#%- #40F=#;%- &+%&$&1#%/1 - - T#((-%D&;-L#;-&+1&$&1#%&+@M

t+-%D/-?#;&;-*9-;4'D-/0#$=(/;-#;-NaS`NR]S,-J/++/%%-NOPPQ6-OkPS-'*+'(41/1-

%D#%-I(*8/+&#+-D#;-#("/#15-"/#'D/1-;%#@/-J-*9-%D/-1&#@"#$-&+-NRS,-&F/F,-%D#%-&%-+*- (*+@/"-D#;-%D/-=*;;&?&(&%5-*9-&+%/""4=%&+@-'(#4;/X&+&%&#(-'*$=(/0-'*+;%&%4/+%;F^j w*L/8/",-%D&;-*=&+&*+-+//1/1-%*-?/-"/8&;/1-&+-8&/L-*9-;4?;/34/+%-&+9*"$#

%&*+- 9"*$- #- !**@(/- ;/#"'D- *+- I(*8/+&#+- %/0%;F- t+- %D/- ;#$/- *''#;&*+- LD/+- :"*#%&#+- %/0%;- L/"/- ?/&+@- ;/#"'D/1- 9*"- &+%/""4=%/1- #+1- +*+X&+%/""4=%/1- *'

'4""/+'/;-*9-sve to-T#((-%D#%M-#+1-';-I"1;-T%D#%-L*$#+M,-I(*8/+&#+-%/0%;-L/"/-

#(;*-;/#"'D/1-9*"-%D/-'*""/;=*+1&+@-I(*8/+&#+-/0="/;;&*+;F-}+;4"="&;&+@(5,-+*- /0#$=(/;-L/"/-9*4+1-&+-LD&'D-%D/-I(*8/+&#+-9*"-T%D#%-L*$#+M,-'0)';-I"1)J;,- L#;-&+%/""4=%/1-?5-%D/-'(&%&'-jeF-y&%D-"/@#"1-%*-vse to-T#((-%D#%M,-*+-%D/-*%D/"- D#+1,- %D/- "/;4(%;- L/"/- 4+/0=/'%/1F- G(%D*4@D- 4+&+%/""4=%/1-vse to- '/"%#&+(5-

="/1*$&+#%/1- NL&%D- 'F- a],kPP- /0#$=(/;S,- %D/"/- L/"/- +/8/"%D/(/;;- =(/+%5- *9- /0#$=(/;-LD/"/-%D&;-/0="/;;&*+-L#;-&+%/""4=%/1-N+#$/(5,-'F-j,_QPSF-t+/-;4'D- /0#$=(/-&;-@&8/+-&+-NRuS6-

NRuS- \I(^- Z;/- je- %*- =*8/)#+*- ;- 9&+#+'#$&

- - #((- &;- %D&;- '*++/'%/1- L&%D- 9&+#+'/;

- - TG((-%D&;-&;-'*++/'%/1-L&%D-9&+#+'/;M

I4'D-/0#$=(/;-&+1&'#%/-%D#%-'*$?&+#%&*+;-;4'D-#;-vse je to-;%&((-D#8/-;*$/- 1/@"//-*9-/+%"/+'D$/+%-&+-I(*8/+&#+F-HD/5-"/="/;/+%-%D/-"/;&14/-*9-LD#%-L#;-

*+'/- ="/;4$#?(5- #- "#%D/"- $*"/- 9"/34/+%- ;%"4'%4"/- &+- I(*8/+&#+F- I//- #(;*,- &+-

%D&;-'*++/'%&*+,-I%*+/-NRaaQ6-ORjS-9*"-/0#$=(/;-*9-'(&%&';-&+%/""4=%&+@-%D/-9&";%-

;5+%#'%&'-'*+;%&%4/+%-*9-#-'(#4;/ &+-%D/-/#"(&/;%-I(*8/+&#+-%/0%;,-%D/-K70I01)J0- spomeniki-N2"/&;&+@-$*+4$/+%;SF

- j-I&+'/-%D/-'*""/;=*+1&+@-1&#@"#$-&+-J/++/%%-NOPPQS-#((*L/1-9*"-T&+1/=/+1/+%-L*"1;M-#;-

;%#@/-G,-;%#@/-J-*9-NRS-L#;,-&+-9#'%,-;%#@/-:-*9-%D/-/#"(&/"-1&#@"#$F-

(10)

I.tZ7Y7-:.[H[:I-<btItV[:G..z-Y7}HbG.

\HD&;-;/'%&*+-L#;-(/9%-4+9&+&;D/1-?5-%D/-#4%D*"F-t=F-dF-.F-!F^

3. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GRAMMATICALIZATION AND LEXICALIZATION.

b727b7Y:7I

w/++&+@- GYV7bI7Y,- Rakj6- 2"*$- G40&(&#"5- %*- V/;&+/+'/F-Historical Development

&F-L#A0*0;70")F-71F-d#"%&+-w#""&;-v-<#*(*-b#$#%F-J/"(&+6-d*4%*+-1/-!"45%/"F-OR`_RF- V#8&1-:F-J7YY7HH,-OPPQ6-HD/-78*(4%&*+-*9-:(&%&'-I5;%/$;6-G-./0&'#(&)#%&*+-70=(#+#

%&*+F-ML>NO-6&7#%-]O,-Oja`kkF

`-`,-OPRR6-H*L#"1;-#-:*@+&%&8/(5-b/#(&;%&'-G''*4+%-*9-:(&%&';F-ML>NO-6&7#%-]Q,-__`jOF .#4"/(-hF-Jb[YHtY,-7(&)#?/%D-:(*;;-HbG}!tHH,-OPP_6-M"A0=;*0:;'0&1-;1,-M;1/#;/"- Change.-:#$?"&1@/6-:#$?"&1@/-}+&8/";&%5-<"/;;F

h*#+- JzJ77,- OPPj6-67"P#"1=4- &F- N)"- ;1,- '("- Q7/;10:;'0&1- &F- M;1/#;/"F- t09*"16- t09*"1-}+&8/";&%5-<"/;;F

`-`,-OPRP6-Language, Usage and CognitionF-:#$?"&1@/6-:#$?"&1@/-}+&8/";&%5-<"/;;F h/")5- m}bz.ty[:r, Raj_6- HD/- 78*(4%&*+- *9- !"#$$#%&'#(- :#%/@*"&/;F-3)P#0))")- M01/#0)'0P#")-O,-]k`_uF-Nt"&@&+#((5-=4?(F-&+-Diogenes RaQ_6-__`jRFS

I51+/5-dF-.GdJ,-Raaa6-R;'(@;4)-&F-'("-K7;01S-T("-2"#7&=&/10'0U"-K;)0)-&F-M;1/#;/".

G$;%/"1#$6-h*D+-J/+E#$&+;F

b*+#(1-yF-.GY!G:m7b,-Raaa6-Grammar and ConceptualizationF-J/"(&+6-d*4%*+-1/-

!"45%/"F-N:*@+&%&8/-.&+@4&;%&';-b/;/#"'D,-RuFS-

`-`,-OPPk6-Cognitive Grammar: A Basic IntroductionF-t09*"16-t09*"1-}+&8/";&%5-<"/;;F :D"&;%&#+-.7wdGYY,-OPPO6-Y/L-b/9(/'%&*+;-*+-!"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-#+1-./0&'#(&)#

%&*+F-2"@-V"F*"='0&1)-&1-W7;%%;'0=;*0:;'0&1F-71F-y&;'D/",-[(;/-v-!#?"&/(/-V&/L#(1F- G$;%/"1#$C<D&(#1/(=D&#6-h*D+-J/+E#$&+;F-R`RkF

!/*"@/-tby7..,-Raua6-201"'""1-30/('456&#7F-.*+1*+6-d#"%&+-I/'>/"-v-y#"?4"@F

`-`,-Raku6-Croatian translation by Antun ŠoljanF-r#@"/?6-G4@4;%-:/;#"/'F

`-`,-Raku6-O"780;1-'7;1)*;'0&1-84-X*;,;-O'&+0*+J&U0!F-J/(@"#1/6-J/*@"#1;>&-&)1#8#B>*X

@"#9&B>&-)#8*1F

`-`,-Raku6-Slovenian translation by Alenka PuharF-.E4?(E#+#6-d(#1&+;>#->+E&@#F H/*1*)&#- b[HH7.,- Raj_6-O:4J- =:9&1<@- @- &87Y80"- F&7%- =:;)#- ?7:"):9"/&- 0- '748#-

?7:4?#):=:;+Z="/&F-y"*'n#L6-t;;*(&+/4$F

!/"#(1-IHtY7,-RaaQ6-y*"1-t"1/"-&+-%D/-2"/&;&+@-H/0%;F-[8&710J-K70I01)J0-)?&%"10J0.

71F-h#+>*-m*;,-2"#+'-h#>*=&+,-h*~/-2#@#+/(F-.E4?(E#+#6-I(*8/+;>#-#>#1/$&E#-)+#+*;%&-

&+-4$/%+*;%&F-OR]`OuF

(11)

— 15 —

7(&)#?/%D- :(*;;- HbG}!tHH,- 7>>/D#"1- m•Y[!,-1991: HD/- I/$#+%&';X<"#@$#%&';- *9-

!"#$$#%&'#(&)#%&*+-b/8&;&%/1F-Approaches to GrammaticalizationF-71F-7(&)#?/%D-:(*;;- H"#4@*%%-v-J/"+1%-w/&+/F-G$;%/"1#$C<D&(#1/(=D&#6-h*D+-J/+E#$&+;F-NH5=*(*@&'#(-I%4

1&/;-&+-.#+@4#@/,-RaSF-Z*(F-RF-Rka`ORkF-

!bGdGH[mG.[rG:[hG,-.7mI[mG.[rG:[hG-[Y-<t!tIHYtIH-`-VtmGr[-YG-

<tVbt€h}-YGI.tYm

Y/1*>*+B#+-="&;=/8/>,->&-E/-*?/+/$-#8%*"E/8*-)#1+E/-1/(*,-;/-*;"/1*%*B#-+#-=*;%#8&%/8- +#;(*+>-8-;(*8/+AB&+&-&+-?*;#+AB&+&CD"8#AB&+&C;"?AB&+&-8-A&"A/$-;(*8#+;>/$->*+%/>;%4,-

="&-%/$-=#-~/(&-=*1#%&-=#+D"*+*-"#)(#@*-"#)(&>-="&-=*;%#8&%8&-/(/$/+%*8-8-*?"#8+#8#+&D- E/)&>&DF-Z-="/1D*1+&D-="&;=/8>&D-E/-#8%*"-*?"#8+#8#(-1&#D"*+*-+#="/1*8#+E/-8-NRS,->E/"- TO<M-=*$/+&-T1"4@*-$/;%*M-;->*+B+&$-'&(E/$-*1>"&8#+E#-$/D#+&)$#,->&-E/-=*1(#@#-)#-

"#)8*EF

NRS- G- J- :- V

- O<-+#;(*+>- - W- - O<-+#;(*+>- - W- - @(#@*(X+#;(*+>/- - W- - @(#@*(X="/1=*+/

- N%/$/(E/B-+#-?/;/1&S- N%/$/(E/B-+#-;%#8B+/$-B(/+4S

I(/1&E*-="&$/"&-A%&"&D-;%*=/+E-*1-G-1*-V6 NGS- \.#^- \<*=4(4;- \se^- "*$#+4;^- /"/0&%

- - (E41E/- ;/- b&$(E#+&- =*8)=/(&

- - Tb&$(E#+&-;*-;/-=*8)=/(&-N+="F-14D*8+*SM

NJS- \I(^- \[)- +/)+#+/@#- "#)(*@#^- \je^- \8/1+*^- \_v-$&;(&(-_v^,- 1#-c

N:RS- \2"^- \:D#34/- E*4"^- \d#"&/^- \les lui ^- \_vdonne _v^- e@(#@*(X="*>(&%&>/f

- - 8;#>- 1#+- d#"&E#- E&D- $4- 1#E/

- - TZ;#>-1#+-$4-E&D-d#"&E#-1#E/M

N:OS-\2"^- \_vDonnez _v^-X- \les lui ^-g- - - e@(#@*(X/+>(&%&>/f

- - V#E- E&D- - $4

- - TV#E-$4-E&DgM-

NVS- \2"^- hM- /;=i"/- 34M- &(- +/- \_v \ =#"(X-^-\ era ^ _v^- =#;- %"*=- 8&%/- e@(#@*(X="&=*+#f - - h#)- 4=#$- 1#- *+- +/c-@*8*"&%&- ="&D*1F]F*;F/1F-c+/- ="/8/B- D&%"*

- - T}=#$,-1#-+/-?*-@*8*"&(-="/D&%"*M

<"/1=*;%#8(E/+*-E/,-1#-NRS-="/1;%#8(E#-D*$*@/+-1&#D"*+-="*'/;-&+-+/-%"/D-(*B/+&D-="/

D*1*8- %/"- 1#- E/- %*- *18&;+*- *1- ;%*=+E/-leksikalizacije- #(&- 4>*"/+&+E/+*;%&- 8- =*;/?+/$- T@*;%&%/(E4M-&+->*$?&+#'&E#D-+#;(*+>F-r#;%#8(E#-;/-8="#A#+E/,-#(&-+/-?&-?&(*-NRS-?*(E/-*=&;#%&-

>*%-gramatikalizacijoF-m"#%/>-*1@*8*"-+#-%*-8="#A#+E/-E/,-1#-;%#-="&;*%+&-%#>*-(/>;&>#

(&)#'&E#->*%-@"#$#%&>#(&)#'&E#F-<"/*;%#+/>-="&;=/8>#-%/$/(E&-+#-"#)A&"&%8&-%/@#-*1@*8*"#F- Z- ="8/$- 1/(4- E/- *?"#8+#8#+*- +#="/1*8#+E/- NRS- 8- ;$&;(4- @"#$#%&>#(&)#'&E/,- 8- 1"4@/$- 1/(4-=#-8-;$&;(4-(/>;&>#(&)#'&E/F-H"/%E&-1/(,->&-+&-1*>*+B#+,-E/-?&(-+#$/+E/+-*?"#8+#8&-

*1+*;#-$/1-@"#$#%&>#(&)#'&E*-&+-(/>;&>#(&)#'&E*,-;="8#-8-=*8/)#8&-)-+#="/1*8#+E/$-8- NRS,-+#%*-A/-+#-;=(*A+*F

(12)

Postscript to “Grammaticalization, Lexicalization, and Frequency:

Evidence from Clitics” and Tribute to David C. Bennett

The preceding article is an unfinished work by David C. Bennett, who retired in 2002 from a long and productive career as a researcher and lecturer at the famed School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London, where he had served as head of the Department of M01/#0)'0=)-BC\]\^C\\_H`-a"-)'#,0",-W"7%;1-;1,-67"1=(-;)-@"**-;)-";71",-(0)-bL-01-?(&

netics at the University College, London, and then went on to earn his Ph.D. in linguistics from Yale University in 1969. At Yale he learned Chinese and taught the structure of the language, as well as other subjects, there, at the University College of London, and finally, served more than 30 years at the SOAS (C. Bennett 2013).⁸

* * *

L)-;-/7;,#;'"-)'#,"1'-01-O*;U0=-*01/#0)'0=)-%&U01/-F7&%-;1-01'"7")'-01-V#))0;1-;1,->:"=(- linguistics to Slovene and (then) SerboCroatian, I used to scour journals in the UCLA research library for pedagogical and scholarly articles on these languages, which I was just learning, in the throes of youthful passion, almost simultaneously. Among the articles that I found that met both my languagelearning and intellectual needs at the time was an

;7'0=*"-84-c;U0,->`-K"11"''D-dT&@;7,)-;1-3A?*;1;'0&1-&F-e&7,5Q7,"7-c0FF"7"1=")-8"'@""1- O*&U"1"-;1,-O"78&5>7&;'f-BC\]gD-T("-O*;U&10=-;1,-3;)'-3#7&?";1-V"U0"@D-ghGC-BC\]gHS- C^ihHD- @(0=(- )'7#=J- %"- ;)- ;- )#?"78*4- *#=0,- "A?*;1;'0&1- &F- '("- J1&''4- ?7&8*"%- &F- =*0'0=5 ordering, a problem that is simultaneously a bane to the struggling languagelearner and a rich area for investigation for the student of linguistic structure. Although David and I shared an interest in these two languages, we had never met, most likely because his intellectual circles were more generallinguistics oriented (he regularly attended meetings of LACUS, the Linguistic Association of Canada and the United States) and his language

"A?"7'0)"-7;1/",-F;7-8"4&1,-O*;U0=-^-;%&1/-&'("7-'(01/)-("-@;)-;1-"A?"7'-01->(01")"`- I was both pleased and saddened to be surprised by receiving a friendly email from him with the subject header “Accentshift and cliticstatus” in the summer of 2013, to be precise, on 30 June. Pleased because I was hearing, out of the blue, from one of my early linguistic heroes; saddened, of course, by simultaneously receiving the news that he was )'7#//*01/-@0'(-=;1="7`-a0)-*"''"7-0%%",0;'"*4-"A#,",-?"7)&1;*-@;7%'(D-@(0*"-=&1U"401/- matters both professional and personal. David was of that generation that had not yet forgotten the epistolary art:

Dear Marc (if I may so address you),

67&%-&1"-?&01'-&F-U0"@-'(0)-@0**-="7';01*4-8"-'("-)'7;1/")'-"5%;0*-4&#-(;U"-"U"7-7"="0U",- B8#'-&'("7@0)"-j-'(01J-j-)(;**-8"-?7"''4-*#=0,-;1,-;8*"-'&-;)J-4&#-;-P#")'0&1-'(;'-4&#- may well be able to answer, on the basis of your past research on Slavic languages).

The strangeness: I am right now in a lot of pain. It is 03:00 in London, England, where I live, and I can’t sleep. I need, therefore, to do something – anything – to keep me occupied, so that I don’t just sit here in the middle of the night moaning with pain. It occurred to me to write to you!

QkD-)&-@"-)(&#*,-1&@-8&'(-F&7/"'-%4-?;01D-;1,-j-@0**-&#'*01"-%4-P#")'0&1`

⁸-:D"&;-J/++/%%,-V#8&1-J/++/%%-t?&%4#"5F-The Guardian,-Ru-G4@4;%-OPR]F-7(/'%"*+&'-/1&

%&*+F-\D%%=6CCLLLF%D/@4#"1&#+F'*$C/14'#%&*+COPR]C#4@CRuC1#8&1X?/++/%%X*?&%4#"5^

(13)

— Rj — Background

Although I worked, until retirement, at the School of Oriental and African Languages (of the University of London), a lot of my research has been on Slavic (or, as we Brits '"1,-'&-);4D-O*;U&10=H-*;1/#;/")`-T("7"l)-;1-";)4-"A?*;1;'0&1-F&7-'(0)`-b4-@0F"-^-F7&%- former Yugoslavia – had a Slovene father (from Gorenjsko) and a Croatian mother (from O#%;7'01D-&1-'("-0)*;1,-&F-K7;mH`-O&-F&7-%;14-&F-'("-)#%%"7)-&F-&#7-h]54";7-B)&-F;7H-

%;770;/"D-@"-#)",-'&-/&-&1-(&*0,;4-01-;-=;%?"75U;1-B@0'(-&#7-h-J0,)D-#1'0*-'("4-8"=;%"- '&&-&*,-'&-@;1'-'&-;==&%?;14-#)H-'&-8&'(-W&7"1+)J&-;1,-O?*0'-G-K7;m`-j-@;1'",-'&-8"-;8*"- to communicate with friends and relatives in both places, so had to try to learn both O*&U"1"-G-O*&U"10;1-;1,->7&;'0;1`-L)-;-/"1"7;*-*01/#0)'-BF07)'-,"/7""-01-W"7%;1-;1,- 67"1=(HD-j-@;)-&8U0&#)*4-)'7#=J-84-)4)'"%;'0=-,0FF"7"1=")-8"'@""1-'("-'@&-*;1/#;/")D- e.g., in word order. And the word order differences involved, for instance, clitics.

CcC

e(;'- F&**&@",- @"7"- )"U"7;*- ,"*0/('F#*- B;1,- ;'- '0%")- (";7'587";J01/H- "5%;0*- "A=(;1/")D- from his side always in classic form and beautifully formatted (as though hinting at what I imagine would have been, some twenty years earlier, Edwardian penmanship on clas

)0=-;07%;0*-)';'0&1"74H`-e"-,0)=#))",-(0)-0,";)-;8&#'-'("-7"*;'0&1)(0?-&F-=*0'0=5&7,"701/-01- Slovene and the diachrony of Slovene accent shifts (the professional reason for his email), but also moved on to family matters and the remarkable parallels in our lives and careers – we had both married Slovene women and managed to combine our professional interests with bicultural family lives; and we shared a predilection for nonformal, nonChomskyan approaches to linguistic problems, preferring more empiricallygrounded work. Although it was obvious that he was in agony and taking heavy doses of painkillers, his prose remained lucid, upbeat, and focused – his strong intellect shone through brilliantly.

On 2 July David responded to my message in which I attempted to give him some back

ground on South Slavic accentology, along with some references, so that he could finish up the paper he had been working on.

Dear Marc,

e(;'-;-F;1';)'0=D-;1,-*&U"*4D-7"?*4-^-;1,-)"1'-&FF-)&-B#1"A?"='",*4H-)&&1n-j-(;,-8""1- trying to work out what the time might be in Kansas, and predict by when I might per

haps hope to get a reply. Brilliant that you are in Slovenia right now, and that you are already at your computer by 06:00. You say ‘I don’t have much in the way of reference

%;'"70;*-;'-(;1,l-8#'-4&#lU"-1"U"7'("*"))-8""1-;8*"-'&-)"1,-%"-;-=&#?*"-&F-Rc6)-;1,- the Baerman citation; and, on the basis of your (obviously) very considerable general knowledge of the Slav(on)ic family of languages, you’ve already put me out of the misery

&F-)&%"-&F-%4-B1&15O*;UB0=H0)'l)H-)(;J4-)?"=#*;'0&1`-6&7-01)';1="D-&1-'("-8;)0)-)0%?*4-&F-

%4-J1&@*",/"-&F-'("-K>O-;1,-O*1-?7&1#1=0;'0&1-&F-*&')-&F-"A;%?*")-)#=(-;)-?70+;'"*+D-j- had just guessed that Sln had undergone an accent shift, whereas BCS had just kept the

‘original’ position of the accent!! That was obviously naive. The situation is much more

=&%?*"AD-8"=;#)"-B;)-4&#-(;U"-?&01'",-&#'H-K>O-(;)-;*)&-8""1-;FF"='",-84-B"`/`H-'("-1"&5 o'&J;U0;1-;=="1'-)(0F'`-p67&%-1&@D-jl**-)'&?-%4-)0**4-?7;='0="-&F-'7401/-'&-01=*#,"-8&'(- Brit. Eng. and Am. Eng. terminology. I’ll stick with Brit. Eng.] As for ‘ flaws’ of your … a0)'&70=;*-R(&1&*&/4q.-8&&JD-j-*0J"-8&&J)-'&-(;U"-;1-01,"A-&F-'&?0=)D-;1,-0'-@&#*,-(;U"- been nice if I could have checked at the outset whether terms such as ‘clitic’, ‘enclitic’

;1,-r?7&=*0'0=l-;7"-,0)=#))",-01-0'`-2"U"7'("*"))D-j-(;U"-F&#1,-4&#7-8&&J-01)'7#='0U"-;1,- useful. Also, points made in your reply have – as said above – rescued me from some

&F-%4-1;0U"'4`-e0'(-7"/;7,-'&-;=="1'-)(0F'D-0'l)-U"74-)"1)08*"-'&-#)"-'("-B#1;%80/#&#)H- terminology ‘to the left’ or ‘to the right’. (I may even have been confused over the

(14)

meaning of ‘advancement’!) In any case, what I had guessed was that in the history of O*&U"1"-'("7"-(;)-8""1-;-)(0F'-'&-'("-70/('`-e(;'"U"7-%;4-(;U"-&==#77",-01-O*&U"1"D-0'- seems that what was more important was a shift to the left in the history of Štokavian.

CcC

e(;'-/;U"-%"-'("-0,";-F&7-'("-?;?"7-j-;%-@70'01/-70/('-1&@-@;)-;-=&%%"1'-G-P#")'0&1- of one of the audience in a talk I gave at SOAS a couple of years ago on much of the

%;'"70;*-&F-'("-F07)'-?;?"7`-G.G-T("-=&%%"1'-@;)S-j)1l'-'("-?7&/7"))0&1-L^c^a a case of r/7;%%;'0=;*0);'0&1l-7;'("7-'(;1-r*"A0=;*0);'0&1ls-j-)&&1-7";*0)",-'(;'-0'-0)-KQTa`-O&- the new paper starts by discussing the respects in which A–D involves grammaticalisa

'0&1`-T("1-0'-,0)=#))")-'("-7")?"=')-01-@(0=(-0'-01U&*U")-*"A0=;*0);'0&1`-T("1-0'-';=J*")-'("- P#")'0&1-&F-'("-7"*;'0&1)(0?-8"'@""1-/7;%%;'0=;*0);'0&1-;1,-*"A0=;*0);'0&1-&1-'("-8;)0)- of my data. This part isn’t yet written but I know what the crucial point will be, so it won’t take long. In fairly obvious ways A–D involves grammaticalisation. However, the mechanism whereby, with time, 2P clitics become verbclitics (ending with a system such

;)-'(;'-&F-K#*/;70;1-;1,-b;=",&10;1H-0)-'("-F7"P#"1=4501,#=",-*"A0=;*0);'0&1-?7&="))`- O&-01-'("-=;)"-&F-%4-,;';D-*"A0=;*0);'0&1-'70//"7)-/7;%%;'0=;*0);'0&1`-T("-F01;*-?;7'-&F- '("-?;?"7-B1&'-4"'-=&1)0,"7",-;'-;**H-@0**-*&&J-;'-&'("7-"A;%?*")-&F-/7;%%;'0=;*0);'0&1D- '&-)""-@("'("7-'("4D-'&&D-%0/('-=&1="0U;8*4-(;U"-8""1-'70//"7",-84-*"A0=;*0);'0&1`-j'-0)- no doubt a bit naive of me (again) to halfhope that this might be the case. However, should it by any chance be the case – which it probably won’t be – I might finish the paper by writing that there’s a vast literature by now on grammaticalisation but rela

'0U"*4-*0''*"-&1-*"A0=;*0);'0&1-.-4"'D-;%#)01/*4D-*"A0=;*0);'0&1-0)-;='#;**4-@(;'-'70//"7)- grammaticalisation.

His “shaky speculation” and “naivety,” were, of course, reflections of his polite modesty.

L*'(&#/(-("-(;,-)?&J"1-&F-=&**;8&7;'0&1-&1-'("-?;?"7D-j-F"*'-F;7-%&7"-#1P#;*0F0",-&1-(0)- '"770'&74-'(;1-("-&1-%01"-;1,-j-=&#*,-1&'-(;U"-,&1"-%&7"-'(;1-("*?-@0'(-)&%"-=&1'"A'#

alization. Our collaboration on the paper might have worked out, had he survived longer and we had had sufficient time to discuss and understand how each of our areas of spe

=0;*0:;'0&1-%0/('-(;U"-8""1-87&#/('-'&/"'("7-'&-("*?-;1)@"7-'("-P#")'0&1)-'(;'-"1/;/",- (0%`-a&@"U"7D-;F'"7-&#7-"A=(;1/"-01-";7*4-t#*4D-'("-1"A'-%"));/"-7"U";*",-'(;'-'("-%&1'(-

&F- t#*4- (;,- 1&'- /&1"- @"**- @0'(- (0)- (";*'(`- 2";7*4- ;- %&1'(- ?;))",- 8"F&7"- j- 7"="0U",- '("- following message, dated 27 July:

Dear Marc

Many thanks for another lovely letter. I would like, after all, to avail myself of the pos

sibility of publishing in your journal.

Unfortunately, I will not be well enough to deliver the paper via Skype at the LACUS conference after all.

I am currently in hospital and hoping to rebuild my strength in the coming weeks.

I will be in touch again.

Lep pozdrav, David

- a-I//-%D/-9&";%-=#@/-*9-D&;-=#=/"-NSlavia Centralis-OPR]CO6-_S-9*"-%D/-/0#$=(/;-'*""/;=*+1

&+@-%*-G`VF

(15)

— Ra —

T("-1"A'-%"));/"-j-7"="0U",-@;)-F7&%-(0)-)&1D->(70)D-@(&-7"?&7'",-'&-%"-&1-g-L#/#)'-'(;'- David had passed away on 1 August. Although I am pleased to be able to fulfil David’s wish to publish his paper in Slavia Centralis (Chris was kind enough to retrieve it from David’s computer), I regret that it remains unfinished and I was unable to know sufficiently well (&@-("-@&#*,-(;U"-@0)(",-&#7-=&**;8&7;'0&1-'&-8701/-'("-?7&8*"%-'&-7")&*#'0&1`-2"U"7'("

less, the first half of the article lays out the problem well and was already polished (he was, as we have noted, a talented writer), and the seeds of his ideas are presented in the comments above. I am certain that David would share my wish that a future scholar will pick up the baton and run with it.

L*'(&#/(-&#7-;=P#;01';1="-@;)-870"F-;1,-%",0;'",-84-"*"='7&1)D-j-=&1)0,"7-%4)"*F-U"74- F&7'#1;'"-'&-(;U"-(;,-'("-&??&7'#10'4-'&-(;U"-;1-"A=(;1/"-&F-0,";)-;1,-?"7)&1;*-;1"=,&'")- with a person of great warmth and humor as well as a formidable intellect, whose creative spark continued to his final days. May his memory be bright.

Marc L. Greenberg¹⁰

¹⁰-d#"'-.F-!"//+?/"@,-I(#8&'-.#+@4#@/;-v-.&%/"#%4"/;,-}+&8/";&%5-*9-m#+;#;,-Ruu_-h#5D#L>- J(81F,-}IG-`-.#L"/+'/,-mI-QQPu_Xj_au,-$(@•>4F/14

!"#$$#%&’#(&)#%&*+,- ./0&’#(&)#%&*+,-#+1-2"/34/+’56- 78&1/+’/-9"*$-:(&%&’;

./0&'#(&)#%&*+,-#+1-2"/34/+'56- 78&1/+'/-9"*$-:(&%&';

D

C. B

!"#$$#%&’#(&)#%&+,- ./0&’#(&)#%&+,-#+1-2"/34/+’56- 78&1/+’/-9"*$-:(&%&’;

./0&'#(&)#%&+,-#+1-2"/34/+'56- 78&1/+'/-9"$-:(&%&';