Poročilo o projektni nalogi FutMon LIFE07ENV/D/000218, Mejnik 5

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Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana Tel.: 01 2007800, Fax: 01 257 35 89

Poročilo o projektni nalogi FutMon LIFE07ENV/D/000218, Mejnik 5

po pogodbi o sofinanciranju projektne naloge LIFE07ENV/D/000218 »Further Developement and Implementation of an EU‐Level Forest Monitoring System«, št.: MKGP 2311‐11‐000060

Naročnik : MKGP, EU

Poročilo so pripravili člani projektne skupine na Gozdarskem inštitutu Slovenije:

P. Simončič, M. Skudnik, G. Kušar, S. Vochl, N. Ogris, T. Levanič, L. Kutnar, M. Rupel, D.

Žlindra, M. Ferlan, A. Verlič, M. Kovač

Ljubljana, 30. junij 2011

REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA

MINISTRSTVO ZA KMETIJSTVO, GOZDARSTVO

IN PREHRANO REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA

MINISTRSTVO ZA OKOLJE IN PROSTOR

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Kazalo

1 UVOD ... 8

2 FUTMON LIFE+ AKTIVNOST L1 IN L2A ‐ IZDELAVA MREŽE ZA VELIKO PROSTORSKI REPREZENTATIVNI MONITORING (2009‐2010) ... 9

2.1 POROČILO O VELIKO‐PROSTORSKEM MONITORINGU – TESTIRANJE METOD ZA UPORABO PODATKOV NACIONALNE GOZDNE INVENTURE V SLOVENIJI (REPORT ON LARGE SCALE REPRESENTATIVE MONITORING ‐ TEST OF METHODS FOR ADAPTING DATA FROM NFIS IN SLOVENIA) ‐ KONČNO POROČILO O HARMONIZACIJI INVENTURNIH SISTEMOV ICP IN NFI (L1) 10 2.1.1 Slovenski povzetek ... 10

3 INTENZIVNI MONITORING (IM1 FUTMON LIFE+) ... 27

3.1 INTENZIVNI MONITORING ... 28

3.1.1 Popis stanja krošenj na ploskvah intenzivnega spremljanja stanja gozdov ... 28

3.1.2 Poročilo o oceni zdravstvenega stanja – parameter osutosti ... 29

3.1.3 Stanje osutosti dreves na ploskvah IMGE ‐ zaključki ... 37

3.1.4 Poročilo o popisu povzročiteljev poškodb drevja na ploskvah Nivo II v letu 2010 – biotski in abiotski vzroki poškodb ... 37

3.1.5 Splošni podatki o izvajanju popisa o spremljanju stanja gozdov ... 42

3.1.6 Poročilo o oceni zdravstvenega stanja gozdov v letu 2010 ... 42

3.2 MERITVE USEDLIN / DEPOZITOV ... 54

3.2.1 Uvod ... 54

3.2.2 Metode ... 56

3.2.3 Rezultati ... 60

3.3 MERITVE OZONA S PASIVNIMI VZORČEVALNIKI IN POŠKODBE VEGETACIJE ZARADI O3 ... 66

3.4 (PRITALNA) VEGETACIJA (IM1‐22, L1‐22, L2‐22) ... 73

4 VITALNOST DREVJA (D1 FUTMON LIFE+; DEMONSTRACIJSKA NALOGA) ... 78

4.1 POROČILO O TESTIRANJU DODATNIH KAZALNIKOV STANJA KROŠENJ ... 79

4.1.1 Predstavitev ploskev in dodatnih kazalnikov ... 79

4.1.2 Analiza dodatnih kazalnikov ... 80

4.1.3 Rezultati (Odvisnost osutosti od izbranih dodatnih kazalnikov) ... 81

4.1.4 Razprava in zaključki ... 83

4.2 DENDROMETRIJSKE MERITVE NA PLOSKVAH FUTMON (AKCIJA D1 IN IM1) ... 84

4.2.1 Splošno ... 84

4.2.2 Metoda ... 86

4.2.3 Rezultati ... 88

4.2.4 Rezultati po ploskvah (2004 in 2009) ... 93

4.2.5 Komentar ... 96

5 KROŽENJE HRANIL IN KRITIČNI VNOSI V GOZDNE EKOSISTEME (D2 FUTMON LIFE+; DEMONSTRACIJSKA NALOGA) ... 97

5.1 DOLOČITVE KRITIČNEGA VNOSA ZA DUŠIK IN ŽVEPLO ... 98

5.2 SPREMLJANJE OPADA ... 102

5.2.1 Opad ... 102

6 KROŽENJE VODE V GOZDNIH EKOSISTEMIH (D3 FUTMON LIFE+; DEMONSTRACIJSKA NALOGA) .. 108

7 KAKOVOST, STROKOVNA PRESOJA IN OCENA SPREMLJANJA DEPOZITOV (C1‐DEP‐22 FUTMON LIFE) 111 8 UPRAVLJANJE PROJEKTA (M7 FUTMON LIFE+) ... 113

9 M8 (FUTMON LIFE+) FUTMON LIFE+ AKTIVNOST M8 ‐ PRENOS REZULTATOV IN OBVEŠČANJE JAVNOSTI NA NACIONALNI RAVNI (2009‐2010) ... 114

9.1 ODDAJA PODATKOV ... 114

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9.2 PRENOS (DISEMINACIJA) ... 115

9.2.1 Gozdarski vestnik – tematska številka, letnik 69, številka 5‐6 / Vol. 69, No. 5‐6 (Priloga 1) 115 9.2.2 Drugi članki objavljeni v 2010 / 2011 ... 115

9.2.3 Zaključna delavnica naloge FutMon LIFE+ na Brdu pri Kranju – 28. 6. 2011 ... 115

9.2.4 Izdelava zgibank ... 117

9.2.5 Posodobitev spletnih strani na vTI in GIS ... 118

10 PRILOGE NA ZGOŠČENKI ... 120

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Kazalo preglednic

Preglednica 1 Nacionalne in referenčne definicije oz. mejne vrednosti izbranih kazalnikov ... 10

Preglednica 2: Število dreves na ploskvah IMGE od leta 2003 do 2010. V vzorec so vključena drevesa prvega, drugega, tretjega in četrtega socialnega položaja. Število dreves na ploskvi se spreminja zaradi mortalitete dreves in vrasti. ... 28

Preglednica 3: Število dreves na ploskvah IMGE od leta 2003 do 2010, ki jim je bila ocenjena osutost. ... 29

Preglednica 4: Najpogostejši vzroki poškodovanosti dreves na ploskvah Nivo II v letu 2010 ... 38

Preglednica 5: Povprečna osutost glavnih drevesnih vrst na ploskvah Nivo II v letu 2010 in pojasnjen del njihove osutosti s povzročitelji poškodb ... 39

Preglednica 6: Najpogostejši povzročitelji poškodb na bukvi v letu 2010 ... 39

Preglednica 7: Pogostost poškodb delov drevesa ... 40

Preglednica 8: Pogostost poškodb delov krošnje ... 40

Preglednica 9: Obseg poškodovanosti debla po drevesnih vrstah ... 41

Preglednica 10: Starost poškodb po drevesnih vrstah ... 41

Preglednica 11: Gibanje povprečne osutosti krošenj dreves v obdobju 1991 do 2010. ... 43

Preglednica 12: Iglavci ‐ poročilo o osutosti glavnih drevesnih vrst ... 45

Preglednica 13: Iglavci ‐ poročilo o porumenelosti glavnih drevesnih vrst ... 46

Preglednica 14: Listavci ‐ poročilo o osutosti glavnih drevesnih vrst ... 47

Preglednica 15: Listavci ‐ poročilo o porumenelosti glavnih drevesnih vrst ... 48

Preglednica 16: Metode, principi in tehnika ter obveza izvajanja analiz padavin za vzorce s ploskev intenzivnega spremljanja stanja gozdov v Sloveniji, ki jih izvaja LGE/GIS (2011) ... 59

Preglednica 17: Vidne poškodbe vegetacije zaradi ozona so se letos pojavile na ploskvah:... 72

Preglednica 18: Zastiranje plasti vegetacije, vrstna pestrost lesnatih rastlin in indeksi pestrosti na ploskvah za popis pritalne vegetacije na obeh ravneh spremljanja ... 74

Preglednica 19: Odvisnost osutosti krošnje od izbranih kazalnikov, ki so imeli vsaj šest razredov (Spearmanov koeficient korelacije rangov). ... 82

Preglednica 20: Odvisnost osutosti krošnje od izbranih kazalnikov, ki so imeli pet ali manj razredov (neparametrična analiza variance). ... 82

Preglednica 21: Podatki o ploskvah za leto 2004 in 2009 ... 85

Preglednica 22: BEF in R (ISAFA, 2004, Giordano, 1980) ter WBD (IPCC GPG, 2003) za drevesne vrste ... 87

Preglednica 23: Izračun sestojnih višinskih krivulj 2004 ... 88

Preglednica 24: Izračun sestojnih višinskih krivulj 2009 ... 89

Preglednica 25: Sestojni parametri za ploskve, 2004 ... 90

Preglednica 26: Sestojni parametri za ploskve, 2009 ... 91

Preglednica 27: Spremembe med 2004 in 2009 v obdobju 5 let (za ploskve, ki so bile merjene obakrat) ... 92

Preglednica 28: Mase iglic in listja, posušenih na 105°C ... 105

Preglednica 29: Primerjava povprečne mase 100 listov foliarnega popisa (n=5 dreves, vzorčeno septembra 2009) in nabranega opada v celotnem ciklu (n=5 vzorčenj od jeseni 2009 do spomladi 2010) v gramih (g). ... 106

Preglednica 30: Primerjava povprečne mase 1000 iglic foliarnega popisa (n=5 dreves, vzorčeno septembra 2009, iglice tekočega in preteklega letnika) in nabranega opada v celotnem ciklu (n=5 vzorčenj od jeseni 2009 do spomladi 2010) v gramih (g). ... 106

Preglednica 31: Rezultati kemijske analize opdada ... 107

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Kazalo grafov

Graf 1: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Krucmanove konte. Levo je prikazana povprečna osutost in indeks osutosti vseh dreves na ploskvi. Desno je na xy osi prikazana povprečna osutost za smreko, ki je prevladujoča drevesna vrsta na ploskvi. Na osi xz je prikazano spreminjanje števila dreves, ki jim je bila ocenjena osutost med

leti 2003 in 2010. ... 30

Graf 2: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Fondek. ... 30

Graf 3: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Gropajski bori. .... 31

Graf 4: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Brdo. ... 32

Graf 5: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Borovec. ... 32

Graf 6: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Kladje. ... 33

Graf 7: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Vinska gora. ... 33

Graf 8: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Lontovž. ... 34

Graf 9: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Gorica... 35

Graf 10: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Krakovski gozd. ... 35

Graf 11: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Murska šuma. ... 36

Graf 12: Povprečna osutost, indeks osutosti in število dreves za IMGE ploskev Tratice. ... 37

Graf 13: Gibanje povprečne osutosti krošenj dreves v obdobju 1991 do 2010. ... 43

Graf 14: Povprečna osutost po izbranih drevesnih vrstah. ... 44

Graf 15: Indeks osutosti dreves na mreži 16 x 16 km za obdobje od leta 1991 do 2010. ... 44

Graf 16:Fondek‐Trnovska planota (2), na levi padavine na prostem in na desni pod krošnjami dreves, 2004‐2010. ... 60

Graf 17: Brdo pri Kranju (4): padavine na prostem (levo) in pod krošnjami dreves (na desni), 2004‐2010. ... 61

Graf 18: Borovec pri Kočevski Reki (5); padavine na prostem (levo) in pod krošnjami dreves (na desni), 2004‐2010. ... 61

Graf 19: Lontovž pod Kumom (8); padavine na prostem (levo) in pod krošnjami dreves (na desni) 2004‐2010. ... 62

Graf 20: Murska šuma (11); padavine na prostem (levo) in pod krošnjami dreves (na desni), 2004‐2010. ... 62

Graf 21: Tratice na Pohorju (12); padavine na prostem (levo) in pod krošnjami dreves (na desni), 2009‐2010. ... 63

Graf 22: Gropajski bori pri Sežani (3); padavine na prostem (levo) in pod krošnjami dreves (na desni), 2009‐2010. ... 63

Graf 23: Koncentracije ozona ... 66

Graf 24: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Pokljuka ‐ Krucmanove konte ... 67

Graf 25: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Fondek ... 67

Graf 26: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Gropajski bori ... 68

Graf 27: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Brdo ... 68

Graf 28: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Borovec ... 69

Graf 29: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Lontovž ... 69

Graf 30: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Gorica ... 70

Graf 31: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Krakovski gozd ... 70

Graf 32: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Murska šuma ... 71

Graf 33: Koncentracije ozona na ploskvi Tratice ... 71

Graf 34: Debelinska porazdelitev premerov (zgoraj) in višinska krivulja (spodaj) ... 93

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Kazalo slik

Slika 1: Povprečna poškodovanost bukove krošnje zaradi Rhynchaenus fagi v letu 2010 na

ploskvah I. ravni ... 50

Slika 2: Lokacije ploskev intenzivnega spremljanja stanja gozdnih ekosistemov; v l. 2010 so meritve kakovosti padavin potekale na ploskvah Fondek (2, Trnovska planota), Gropajski bori (3, pri Sežani), Brdo (4, protokolarno posestvo Brdo), Borovec (5, pri Kočevski reki), Lontovž (8, pod Kumom), Murska šuma (11, pri Lendavi) in Tratice (12, Pohorje). ... 55

Slika 3: Skica ploskve Borovec pri Kočevski Reki, na kateri se izvaja intenzivno spremljanje stanja gozdnih ekosistemov; označeni so vzorčevalniki sestojnih padavin (depozitov) in vzorčevalniki odtoka vode po deblu (Skica prirejena po Vel in sod., 2004). ... 57

Slika 4: Fotografije: a ‐ vzorčevalnik sestojnih padavin in b ‐ vzorčevalnik padavin na prostem (obe Brdu pri Kranju); beli liji so harmonizirani vzorčevalniki; c ‐ vzorčevalnik odtoka vode po deblu in d ‐ demonstracija avtomatskih meritev (obe Tratice na Pohorju) ... 58

Slika 5: Ordinacija ploskev za spremljanje pritalne vegetacije glede na pojavljanje lesnatih rastlin in njihove značilnosti (ekološke, vrstna pestrost) ... 75

Slika 6: Shematičen prikaz dimenzij vzorčevalnikov opada. ... 102

Slika 7: Deleži foliarnega in ostalega opada na 6 ploskvah. ... 104

Slika 8: Masa zračno suhega opada po ploskvah ... 104

Slika 9: Vodne bilance na ploskvah intenzivnega monitoringa. ... 109

Slika 10: Vodni stres za bukev in smreko v letu 2003 (S. Raspe et al. 2011) ... 110

Slika 11: Poročilo o uporabi harmoniziranih vzorčevalnikov depozitov. ... 112

Slika 12: dr. Primož Simončič – uvodna predstavitev o nalogi FutMon LIFE+... 116

Slika 13: Kljub času dopustov se je delavnice z zanimanjem udeležilo več kot 50 predstavnikov različnih interesnih skupin. ... 117

Slika 14: Udeležencem smo pokazali raziskovalno ploskev ʹBrdoʹ in jim predstavili aktivnosti, ki so se izvajale v okviru naloge FutMon LIFE+. ... 117

Slika 15: Spletna stran FutMon LIFE+ ... 118

Slika 16: Spletna stran ICP Forests. ... 119

Slika 17: Spletna stran Gozdarskega inštituta Slovenije. ... 119

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1 Uvod

Z zadnjim mejnikom poročila naloge FutMon Life+ LIFE07ENV/D/000218 »Further Developement and Implementation of an EU‐Level Forest Monitoring System«, ki se je zaradi podaljšanja namesto 31. decembrom 2010 končalo 30. junija 2011, se zaključuje 2 in pol‐letno obdobje trajanja projekta.

Glede na dejstvo, da je do konca leta še več kot en mesec in da bo spremljanje stanja gozdov, ki poteka kontinuirano zaključeno konec leta, je bila EU odločitev o podaljšanju logična, saj se pričakuje, da bomo rezultate naloge izvrednotili in poročali do konca meseca junija naslednje leto. Izbrana skupina strokovnjakov projekta FutMon je predstavila stanje spremljanja stanja gozdov v Evropi Evropski poslanki Rebecci Harms, ki se je udeležila tudi zaključne konference projekta, ki je potekala 21. junija 2011 v Bruslju (http://www.futmon.org/spotlight/futmon‐final‐workshop).

Namen tako predstavitve v Bruslju kot tudi 28. junija izvedene slovenske nacionalne zaključne delavnice naloge FutMon, je zaustaviti negativne trende glede zanimanja javnosti za stanje gozdov, usihanje sredstev za programa spremljanje stanja gozdov. Namen predstavitve je tudi ohranjanje infrastrukture največjega monitoringa gozdov na svetu (ICP Forests), ki naj bi v modificirani obliki služil vsem nam tudi v prihodnosti, zlasti v smiselni povezavi z problematiko varstva in stanja gozdov, izpostavljeno v »zeleni knjigi« DG. ENV. v začetku preteklega leta.

Vzporedno s pripravo »Poročila o stanju gozdov v Sloveniji l. 2010« je potekala priprava zaključnega poročila naloge FutMon za MKGP, sofinancerja v Sloveniji. Datum oddaje skupnega zaključnega poročilo na ravni celotnega projekta, ki ga koordinira vTI Hamburg, je konec septembra 2011.

Končni cilj, da se pripravi nov predlog, t.i. modificiranih aktivnosti, je bil v določeni meri upoštevan pri pripravi predloga snemanj za l. 2011 s »Predlogom metodologije za spremljanje stanja gozdov za l. 2011 (glej priloga). Predlog je nastal zaradi omejitev finančnih možnosti;

sprva je potekala racionalizacija in optimizacijo snemanj in vzorčenj, kasneje pa tudi za smiselne ukinitve oz. zmanjšanja števila meritev.

Vsebine poročila so :

 poročilo o izvajanju akcij L1 in L2 (končno poročilo o harmonizaciji inventurnih sistemov ICP in NFI (L1) ), D1, IM1, D2, D3, M7, M8, C1depo,

 poročilo o posodobitvi navodil za izvajanje aktivnosti IM1,

 poročilo o aktivnostih na področju QA in rezultate na področju popularizacije in disemienacija rezultatov naloge,

 pregled publikacij in dokumentov, ki so bile izdane in objavljene v okviru aktivnosti projekta FutMon,

 končno poročilo o prenosu znanja in zaključne delavnice naloge FutMon in delavnic za skrbnike ploskev IM1.

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2 FutMon Life+ aktivnost L1 in L2a ‐ Izdelava mreže za veliko prostorski reprezentativni monitoring (2009‐2010)

Naročnik: EU DG. ENV., MKGP, MOP Šifra: LIFE07 ENV/D/000218

Trajanje naloge: 1.1. 2009 ‐30.06.2011 Vodja: M. Kovač

Sodelavci GIS: G. Kušar, M. Skudnik, A. Japelj, Š. Planinšek, A. Ferreira, J. Žlogar, D. Jurc

Namen in cilj raziskave:

Namen tega sklopa projekta je razviti metodologijo za združitev nacionalnih gozdnih inventur z inventuro ICP‐Forest in izdelati premostitvene funkcij.

V okviru faze L1 se bo v okviru mednarodnega sodelovanja izdelalo evropsko mrežo.

V okviru L2 modula bo teklo testiranje kazalcev obveznih po ICP Forest navodilih in izračun funkcij.

V okviru aktivnosti L1 in L2 so bile v času trajanja projekta izvedene naslednje aktivnosti:

 Izdelana je bila slovenska mreža ploskev za nacionalno inventuro (v nadaljevanju MGGE oz. monitoring gozdov in gozdnih ekosistemov). Izbiro, katero vzorčno ploskev je treba vključiti v vzorec ali ne je določal predpis, da mora biti v vzorec vključena vsaka stalna vzorčna ploskev, ki leži na presečišču koordinat mreže in ustreza definiciji gozda.

 Pripravljena je bila metodologija za združitev nacionalne inventure gozdov z inventuro ICP- Forest.

 Dopolnjen je bil nacionalni priročnik za snemanje na ploskvah MGGE. Priročnik bo natisnjen do konca poletja 2011.

 V letu 2010 je potekalo snemanje na 94 ploskvah po Sloveniji in v juniju 2010 je bil organiziran seminar za popisovalce ploskev.

 Podatki popisa so bili spremenjeni v digitalni formati in izvedla se je obdelava podatkov.

Rezultati akcij L1 in L2 so predstavljeni v dveh sklopih:

Poročilo o velikoprostorskem monitoringu ‐ testiranje metod za uporabo podatkov nacionalne gozdne inventure v Sloveniji, kjer je predstavljena izdelava inventurne mreže za nacionalno inventuro, metodologija za združitev nacionalne inventure gozdov z inventuro ICP‐Forest ter priprava premostitvenih funkcij. Ker je bilo uradno poročilo že oddano vodji delovne skupine je besedilo v končnem poročilu v angleškem jeziku. Pripravili pa smo povzetek v slovenskem jeziku.

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2.1 Poročilo o veliko‐prostorskem monitoringu – testiranje metod za uporabo podatkov nacionalne gozdne inventure v Sloveniji (Report on Large scale representative monitoring ‐ Test of methods for adapting data from NFIs in Slovenia) ‐ končno poročilo o harmonizaciji inventurnih sistemov ICP in NFI (L1)

2.1.1 Slovenski povzetek

V poročilu je za izbrane kazalnike oz. znake predstavljena metodologija premostitvenih funkcij med nacionalnimi in evropskimi (referenčnimi) definicijami. Metodologija sledi naslednjim korakom: izbira kazalnikov, priprava terenskih navodil, testiranje protokolov na terenu in razvoj premostitvenih funkcij za izbrane kazalnike.

Predstavljeni kazalniki so bili izbrani zaradi njihove pomembne vloge pri nacionalnem (poročila za ministrstva) in mednarodnem poročanju (UNFCCC/Kjoto protokol, FAO/FRA, Forest Europe). Izbrani kazalniki so bili gozd in ostale gozdne površine, lesna zaloga in odmrla lesna biomasa. Kot referenčne definicije so bile uporabljene definicije COST Akcije E43.

Preglednica 1 Nacionalne in referenčne definicije oz. mejne vrednosti izbranih kazalnikov

Kazalnik Nacionalna definicija

Referenčna (COST E43)

definicija Pomanjkljivosti/razlike Popis

GOZD

Min površina >

0.25 ha Višina > 5 m 30 % zastrtost

Min. površina > 0.5 ha Višina > 5 m

Zastrtost > 10%

‐ površina med 0.5 ha in 0.25 ha

+površina med 10 in 30 % zastrtosti

NFI/RABA*

OSTALE GOZDNE POVRŠINE (OWL)

Min površina >

0,25 ha

Površina ni bila koriščena v kmetijske namene več kot 20 let

Min. površina > 0,5 ha višina > 5 m

zastrtost 5‐10%

‐površina med 0.5 ha in

0.25 ha

Težave z obdobjem koriščenja v kmetijske namene

NFI/RABA*

LESNA ZALOGA

DBH ≥ 10 cm veje ≥ 7 cm skorja vključena panji vključeni

DBH > 0 cm brez vej skorja vključena panji izključeni

‐panj

‐veje

+tanko živo drevje

NFI

Tanko živo

drevje DBH ≥ 0 cm NFI

ODMRLA LESNA

BIOMASA

‐panj

NFI

Stoječe odmrlo

drevje DBH ≥ 10 cm DBH > 0 cm H ≥ 1.3 m Ležeče odmrlo

drevje DBH ≥ 10 cm DBH ≥ 10 cm L ≥1.3 m Štrcelj D ≥ 10 cm,

H ≥ 50 cm Vključeni Večji lesni kos

D ≥ 10 cm, L ≥ 50 cm

D ≥ 10 cm L ≥1.3 m/1 m*

Panj D ≥ 10 cm,

H ≥ 20 cm Izključeni

*RABA – karta dejanske rabe tal

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V juliju in avgustu 2010 so terenske ekipe GIS opravile popis izbranih kazalnikov na 94 ploskvah po Sloveniji (vzorčna mreža 16 x 8 km). Popis je potekal po navodilih priročnika iz leta 2007, ki pa je bil dopolnjen z nekaterimi dodatnimi kazalniki projekta FutMon Life+.

Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so vsi izbrani kazalniki (Preglednica 1) že implementirani v metodologijo nacionalnih popisov. Za premostitve med nacionalnimi in referenčnimi vrednostmi so predlagani naslednji pristopi:

Gozd/Ostale gozdne površine – zaradi nacionalnih kriterijev, ki določajo ali se ploskev nahaja v gozdu oz. ostalih gozdnih površinah je potrebno pri izračunih površine izključiti tiste ploskve, ki se nahajajo v gozdnih kompleksih manjših od 0,5 ha in vključiti tiste ploskve, ki se nahajajo na površinah kjer je zastrtost med 10 in 30 %.

Odmrla lesna biomasa – količino odmrle lesne biomase je potrebno zmanjšati za količino odmrle lesne biomase panjev.

Lesna zaloga – Enostavna premostitvena funkcija ni mogoča. Predlagana sta dva pristopa in sicer:

1. Trenutno uporabljene tarifne tablice bi se lahko nadomestilo z dvo-vhodnimi tablicami (DBH, višina). V tem primeru bi bilo potrebno pridobiti podatke o višinah dreves, kar bi bistveno podražilo terenske meritve.

2. Obdržati trenutne tarifne tablice, vendar ugotoviti kakšen je delež vejevine in panjev v skupnem volumnu drevesa in v volumnu lesne zaloge. Za ugotovitev tega deleža bi bilo potrebno izvesti meritve volumna dreves po sekcijah (panj, deblo, veje, manjše veje, …) za različne drevesne vrste, DBH in rastišča.

Poročilo je bilo oddano na vTI Hamburg in je napisano v angleškem jeziku kot »uradnem«

jeziku projektne naloge FutMon Life+.

Introduction

Country background

Between 1999 and 2010 Slovenia managed to bring to an end the majority of tasks associated with the development and putting to operation the multipurpose national forest inventory entitled Forest and Forest Ecosystem Condition Survey (hereafter FFECS; Kusar, Kovač, Simončič, 2010). The program encapsulated the development of statistical design, selection of variables, defining or harmonizing the variables with the reference ones, testing the inventory protocols in the field and putting it into practice. During these years, the country also participated in numerous projects that aimed to produce more comparable inventorying results (ICP Forest, Forest Focus, BioSoil, COST E43, Futmon) and timely provided its reports to the international bodies such as FAO/FRA, Forest Europe (former MCPFE), ICP Forest, UNFCCC/KP, etc.

At present, out of 38 indicators required by Forest Europe, 27 indicators can be provided through the multipurpose national forest inventory (see Appendix 1). However, although many efforts have gone to the harmonization of measurable and observable variables, not all the problems have been solved. As shown in the continuation, still existing discrepancies can partly be ascribed to the differences between the national and reference definitions (viz. forest land, OWL, etc.), to the usage of different tables or volume functions (growing stock) and to other reasons.

In 2008 Slovenia entered the Futmon Life+ project to improve its forest monitoring at all spatial scales. Within the action L1 and L2 the tasks were:

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 to design a unified network of clusters (consisting of the plots from the Forest health inventorying and National forest inventorying system) to be used for multipurpose forest inventorying,

 to define and to establish bridging functions for the mismatched variables to be reported to the international community.

Consequently, this report deals with the methods of bridging functions for selected variables.

The task was carried out through the following steps: selection of core variables, preparation of the field manual, testing protocols through field measurements and developing bridging functions for selected variables.

Attributes chosen for this project and explanation why they were chosen

Among the variables that do not fully comply with the reference ones, this report deals with 3 core variables, namely Forest area and Other wooded land (OWL), Growing stock (including Small trees and tree sub‐components Stump and Branches) and Dead wood. The variables have been chosen for they are indispensable in any reporting regardless of being national (report to the ministry, shaping policy) or international (viz. UNFCCC/Kyoto protocol, FAO/FRA, Forest Europe). For reference definitions those from COST Action E43 were used.

Forest area and Other wooded land (OWL)

The first variable, Forest area, is a key category of the FFECS because it affects results. In terms of statistical theory the variable is considered the inclusion indicator and determines whether an open cluster is included into the sample or not.

Reference definition (COSTE43)

Forest is land spanning more than 0.5 ha, with trees higher than 5 m of a crown cover of more than 10%, or with trees able to reach these thresholds in situ.

Excludes: Areas fulfilling the thresholds specified above but with a maximum width of less than 20 m (linear formations), and land predominantly under agricultural or urban use.

Includes: Temporary unstocked forest land

Other wooded land (OWL) is non‐forest land spanning more than 0.5 ha with trees higher than 5 m of a crown cover between 5% and 10%, or with trees and/or shrubs higher than 0.5 m of a combined crown cover of more than 10%. Excludes: Areas fulfilling the thresholds specified above but with a maximum width of less than 20 m (linear formation), and land predominantly under agricultural or urban use.

National definition (Forest Act ‐ Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, nr. 30/1993) Forest is:

(a) a plot of land overgrown with forest trees in the form of stands, which can reach a height of at least 5 m and sized to at least 0.25 ha;

(b) a plot of agricultural land in transition to forest land sized to at least 0.25 ha that has not been used for agriculture for the last 20 years and is overgrown with forest trees which can reach a height of at least 5 m and their crown cover should be at least 75%.

(c) riverside forest corridors and windbreaks sized to at least 0.25 ha, if their widths are at least one tree‐height.

OWL is a land sized to at least 0.25 ha that cannot be identified as a forest in the context of this Law but has been overgrown by forest trees or other forest vegetation and has not been used by agriculture

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within the last 20 years. As OWL are also considered game pens, forest corridors under power lines sized to at least 0.25 ha.

The forest infrastructure apportioned to individual plots is an integral part of the forest.

The following are not “forest” or “OWL” within the meaning of this law: individual forest trees, groups of forest trees of area less than 0.25 ha, avenues, parks and plantations of forest trees.

The provisions of this law and rules issued on the basis hereof shall also apply to forest trees which grow outside forests insofar as they are specifically defined.

In comparison with the reference definition it comes out that the Slovenia’s definition of forest is less broad than the reference one (forestland must have a stand character viz.

microclimate, development) despite the fact it does not provide many quantitative indicators (e.g. minimum closure), that it takes account of smaller areas and does not take account of annual land‐use transitions.

Growing stock and small trees

Reference definition:

Growing stock is the above‐ground volume of living stems above stump over a specified area. Included is the stem volume from the stump height to and including the stem top and the bark. Branches are excluded.

The volume of living stems above stump is the aggregated above ground volume of all living stems, standing or lying, over a specified land area. Included are overbark stem volumes – from the stump height to and including the stem top – of living stems with a diameter at breast height of more than 0 cm (height of more then 1.30 m). Branches are excluded

National definition (Regulation of forest management (Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, nr. 5/1998)

Growing stock is the volume of living trees with the DBH > 10 cm. The volume of a tree is to be measured overbark. The volume of a tree includes the volume of a stump and the volume of branches with the diameter larger than 7 cm (KOTAR 2003).

According to the FFECS growing stock is calculated by summing‐up the volumes of alive individual trees at the first and second occasion and ingrown trees and by deducting the volumes of cut and dead trees.

The Slovene forest practice computes the volumes of trees with the modified French tables (Schaeffer’s and Algan’s tariffs). Since these tables were originally developed only for even‐aged (tarrifes lentes) and uneven‐aged selection forests (tariffs rapide), the Slovene forest science modified these tables to fit the conditions of Slovene forests and introduced intermediate tariffs, to be used for calculating the volumes of trees of uneven‐aged forests (COKL 1959).

As defined by the FFECS, the growing stock of small trees is the volume of living trees with the minimum height of 1.3 m and the DBH range of 0.1cm to 9.99 cm. The volume of a tree also includes the volume of bark from the ground to the top of the tree. The volume includes also the stump.

The growing stock of small trees has been introduced by FFECS to satisfy the reference definition.

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Dead wood

Reference definition:

The dead wood pool includes above‐ground nonliving woody biomass, either standing or lying. The pool includes standing trees, snags (broken standing trees), and downed woody material. The threshold diameter is 10 cm; to be included a piece of dead wood must have at least a 1.3 m long section coarser than 10 cm.

The volume of coarse woody debris is the aggregated above‐ground volume of all pieces of coarse woody debris over a specified land area. Included are over‐bark volumes of those sections of the coarse woody debris pieces, which are coarser than 10 cm (over bark) on a length of at least 1 m.

The volume of standing dead stems above stump is the aggregated above‐ground volume of all standing, dead stems over a specified area. Included are over‐bark stem volumes – from the stump height to an including the stem top – of standing dead stems with a diameter at breast height of more than 0 cm (height of more than 1.30 m). Branches are excluded.

A piece of coarse woody debris is a downed (not suspended) piece of dead wood lying on ground, with at least one section coarser than 10 cm (over bark) of at least 1 m in length.

According to definition by WG1 (34. Piece of coarse woody debris), length of a piece of coarse woody debris must be at least 1 m. But by definition of WG2 (48. Dead wood), the length of a piece of coarse woody debris must be at least 1.3 m.

National definition:

The Slovene FFECS differentiates five types of dead wood: lying and standing dead trees, stumps, snags and coarse woody debris:

 a lying dead tree is considered such a tree whose angle between the trunk and the vertical is larger than 45°, otherwise it is considered a standing dead tree,

 a stump is part of a tree that remains at the site where the tree grew,

 a snag is a standing part of the broken tree trunk (without branches),

 coarse woody debris is every piece of wood or part of a tree, exceeding the minimum dimensions.

Accumulations (logging residues) are not taken into account.

Dead wood is also rather new variable and has been first introduced in the year 2000. The former method was first changed in 2006 while participating in the BioSoil project and in the 2007 national inventorying. Since then, the method has been unchanged. Decomposition rate/decay classes are in accordance with COST Action E43 definition.

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Material and methods

Selected core variables

In this chapter the core variables, subject to analysis, are presented in detail. This data will serve as a basis for developing bridging functions with which the gaps between national and reference definitions could be bridged. Sample network of the FFECS, used in the field survey in 2010, is also presented with the short description of the work plan on how to develop bridging functions. The description of the design is important as it provides information on spatial coverage of the core variables.

Definitions and thresholds of selected core variables are shown in Table 1. The names of the variables and their components (smaller font) are given in the first column. Those are followed by the national and the reference definition/threshold of a variable or its component.

The differences between national and reference definition are presented in the fourth column and the source of data for the assessed variable is shown in the last column of the table.

Table 1. National and reference definitions/thresholds of selected core variables

Variable National definition

Reference (COST E43)

definition Gaps/differences Survey

FOREST AREA

Min area > 0.25 ha

Height > 5 m 30 % canopy closure

Min. area > 0.5 ha Height > 5 m Crown cover > 10%

‐area between 0.5 ha and

0.25 ha

+area between 10 and 30 % crown cover

NFI/ALUM*

OTHER WOODED LAND (OWL)

Min area > 0,25 ha

transition period of 20 years

Min. area > 0,5 ha Height > 5 m Crown cover 5‐10%

‐area between 0.5 ha and

..25 ha

Problem with transition period

NFI/ALUM*

GROWING STOCK

DBH ≥ 10 cm branches ≥ 7 cm over bark stump included

DBH > 0 cm no branches over bark stump excluded

‐stumps

‐branches +small trees

NFI

small trees DBH ≥ 0 cm NFI

DEAD WOOD

‐stumps

NFI

standing dead

trees DBH ≥ 10 cm DBH > 0 cm H ≥ 1.3 m lying dead trees DBH ≥ 10 cm DBH ≥ 10 cm

L ≥1.3 m snags D ≥ 10 cm,

H ≥ 50 cm included large wood

pieces

D ≥ 10 cm, L ≥ 50 cm

D ≥ 10 cm L ≥1.3 m/1 m*

stumps D ≥ 10 cm,

H ≥ 20 cm excluded

Comments:

*ALUM – agricultural land use map

**According to definition by WG1 (34. Piece of coarse woody debris), length of a piece of coarse woody debris must be at least 1m. But by definition of WG2 (48. Dead wood), the length of a piece of coarse woody debris must be at least 1.3m.

Planned way of bridging

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The way of bridging functions as follow, is proposed:

 forest area/OWL - reductive bridging is needed to remove smaller areas (below 0.5 ha) and expansive bridge to include areas characterized by 10-30 % of crown cover,

 growing stock: combined expansive/reductive bridge is needed:

o include small trees,

o exclude volume of stumps and branches,

 dead wood - a reductive bridge (stumps excluded) is needed.

Field work and experiences

Merged NFI/ICP Forest level I network plots (94 plots, on sampling grid 8 x 16 km grid) were measured by Slovenian Forestry Institute filed teams, in field work in July and August 2010, Figure 1.

Figure 1: Sampling grid 16 x 8 km.

Methodology from field manual for year 2007 (KOVAC et al, 2007) was used with some additional requirements for Futmon Life+ project. Forest area and OWL were check on agricultural land use map (ALUM).

Results

Analysis of the field data and results including detailed descriptions of bridging procedures

Forest area and Other wooded land (OWL) ‐ a reductive bridge

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Task was to develop bridging functions for remove small areas (below 0.5 ha) of forest from national definition. Extrapolation of forests from Agriculture land use map (ALUM, 2010), which is updated from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, was created. For all single polygons of forests area was calculated. The number of polygons was 30.214, Figure 2.

Figure 2: Polygons of forest that are identified with sampling plots.

For each sampling plot an intersection with Forest map was created. So for each sampling plot there was information of the area of polygon in which the sampling plot was located, Figure 3.

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Figure 3: Example of forest polygon which is identified with sample plot 2697.

The smallest area of forest polygons was 1.2 ha so there is no forest polygon, identified by sampling plots, that is smaller than 0.5 ha. In the case of plots from 16 x 8 km sampling grid, national definition meets reference definition.

Growing stock – extensive/reductive bridges

Developing bridging functions for:

 including small tree (from DBH > 0 cm to DBH > 10 cm) volume to national growing stock (GSnac) to meet reference growing stock (GSref)

 excluding branches (D > 7 cm) volume from national growing stock (GSnac) to meet reference growing stock (GSref)

 excluding stump volume from national growing stock (GSnac) to meet reference growing stock (GSref)

Developing bridging function procedure for small trees:

 calculating growing stock (GSnac, national definition, DBH > 10 cm) for every plot,

 calculating growing stock (GSref, reference definition, DBH > 0 cm) for every plot,

 construction of bridging function by simple linear regression (GSref = a + b * GSnac), table 2 and figure 4.

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Table 2: Bridging function for growing stock

n R2 bridging function plots bridging function

GSnac GSref GSref

m3/ha m3/ha m3/ha

87 0.9976 GSref = 7.25304 + 0.989166*GSnac 363.08 366.40 366.40

Figure 4: GSref vs. GSnac

The linear model fits very well (R2 = 0.9976). The volume calculated with bridging function is the same (366.40 m3/ha) as average volume calculated from plots data. The volume of small trees represents less than 1 % of total growing stock volume.

Dead wood ‐ a reductive bridge

Developing bridging functions for excluding stump volume from national dead wood stock (DWnac) to meet reference dead wood stock (DWref). Developing bridging function procedure:

 calculating dead wood stock (DWnac, national definition, including dead trees, coarse wood, snags and stumps) for every plot,

 calculating dead wood growing stock (DWref, reference definition, including dead trees, coarse wood and snags) for every plot,

 simple linear regression (DWref = a + b * DWnac) for bridging function construction, Table 3 and Figure 5.

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Table 3: Bridging function for dead wood

n R2 bridging function plots bridging function

DWnac DWref DWref

m3/ha m3/ha m3/ha

87 0.9860 DWref = ‐3.7945 + 1.00131*DWnac 25.36 21.60 21.60

Figure 5: DWref vs. DWnac

The linear model fits very well (R2 = 0.9860). The volume calculated with bridging function is the same (21.60 m3/ha) as average volume calculated from plots data.

Discussion

Forest area and Other wooded land (OWL)

Despite its importance, the text of the national definition (see introductory chapter) reveals that the main obstacle why the variables cannot be fully harmonized is the Slovene Forest Act. In addition to the prescribed minimum size of 0.25ha, it also commands, that as a forestland or OWL are to be considered only lands having been overgrown with forest vegetation for at least 20 years. While this condition does not make difficulties in classifying absolute forestlands, it can hardly be met in the former agricultural lands and in the wilderness. The main reason is the absence of official records, consequently commanding the interviewing of land owners, time consuming verification through remote sensing techniques, etc.

Growing stock

Contrariwise to the first two, growing stock is not explicitly defined in the Forest Act and thus can more easily be harmonized with the reference definition. However, the main obstacle is in fact the absence of appropriate volume tables (e.g. volumes with or without branches, with or without stumps) which still need to be developed.

Dead wood

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Among the addressed, dead wood is the only variable that can be harmonized without obstacles with the reference definition. However, because the volume of stumps represents a considerable part of dead wood (in our case 15 %, in national case almost 25 %), it is worthwhile to consider to include this compartment into the variable definition.

Conclusions

Feasibility to include the variable(s) into the NFI

All the addressed variables are already part of Slovenia’s FFECS.

Needs for further investigations

The only variable that needs further investigation seems to be the growing stock. Currently there are two possible solutions.

The first is to change the existing tables with the two entry volume tables (DBH, height). Since the height of a tree is a required variable, the use of such tables would significantly raise the costs of field sampling.

Another option is to stick with the current modified volume tables but to establish the share of branches and stumps in the tree volume and in the volume of growing stock respectively.

To develop a reductive bridging function (excluding volume of branches and stumps from national growing stock), it would be necessary to carry out the mensuration of tree volumes by compartments (stump, stem, branches, small branches,…), different tree species, DBH and sites. Only on that basis it would be possible to obtain reliable estimates. Thus, this demanding job still needs to be done.

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References

Čokl M. 1959. Tarife za sestoje prehodnih oblik = Massentarife für Übergangsbestande.

Gozdarski vestnik, 17: 221‐228. (In Slovene)

Kovač M, Batič F., Japelj A., Kušar G., Polanšek B., Skudnik M., Krma P., Planinšek Š., Kastelec D. 2007. Popis poškodovanosti gozdov in gozdnih ekosistemov : priročnik za terensko snemanje podatkov. Ljubljana: Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, 2007. 73 p. (In Slovene)

Kotar M. 2003. Gozdarski priročnik. 7. izdaja. Ljubljana, Biotehniška fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani, Oddelek za gozdarstvo in obnovljive gozdne vire: 414 str. (In Slovene)

Kušar G., Kočac M., Simončič P. 2010. National Forest Inventories. E. Tommpo et al. (eds.).

Chapter 33 – Slovenia. Springer Science +Business Media B.V. p. 505‐526.

Slovene Forest Act with fulfilments. Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 30/1993, 13/1998, 56/1999, 67/2002, 110/2002, 112/2006, 115/2006, 110/2007. (In Slovene)

Regulation on the forest management and silviculture plans. Official Journal of the Republic of Slovenia, No. 5/1998, 70/2006, 12/2008, 91/2010 (In Slovene).

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Appendix

Appendix 1 ‐ The level of harmonization between national inventory definitions and international MCPFE indicators

INDICATOR/CATAGORY Availabil

ity

Def.

consisten cy

Variable Name Nation. MCPFE C1: FOREST RESOURCES AND CARBON

1.1a Forest area

Forest √

area 0,25ha 0,5ha canopy

cower ‐ 10%

additio nal area

plantati on exl.

plantati on incl.

X A

… of which available for wood supply √ √

Other wooded land X Agricultural land‐use map

Other land X Agricultural land‐use map

Forest area by forest types √ √

1.2a Growing stock

Forest √ √ D

… of which: Forest available for wood supply √ √

Other wooded land X WISDOM (Drigo, Veselic)

1.2b Growing stock on forest by forest types √ √

1.3a Age structure

Forest: even‐aged stands (age class distribution) √ √

B (data on developmental phases/age of dominant

trees)

...of which: Forest available for wood supply √ √

Forest: even‐aged stands by forest type (coniferous, broadleaved,

mixed) √ √

1.3b Diameter distribution

Forest: uneven‐aged stands √ √ A (diameter classes)

... of which: Forest available for wood supply √ √

Forest: uneven‐aged stands by forest type (coniferous,

broadleaved, mixed) √ √ A (diameter classes)

1.4 Carbon stock

Forest √ √ B (factors BEF, WD are taken

from literature)

Other wooded land X WISDOM (Drigo,

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Veselic)/carbon conversion factors

C2: MAINTENANCE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEAM HEALTH AND VITALITY

2.1 Deposition of air pollutants √ √ International data providers, ICP Forests, EU JRS

2.2 Soil condition √ √ International data providers,

ICP Forests, EU JRS

2.3 Defoliation √ √ International data providers,

ICP Forests, EU JRS

2.4 Forest damage √ √

C (data on damages per individual tree/not “area”

type data)

Forest √ √

Other wooded land X

C3: PRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS (WOOD AND NON‐WOOD)

3.1 Increment √ √

3.1 Fellings √ √

3.2 Roundwood X Statistical yearbook of the

Republic of Slovenia

3.3 Non‐wood goods X Various sources

3.4 Services X Ministry of agriculture,

forestry and food 3.5 Forests under management plans X Slovenia forest service C4: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

4.1 Tree species composition

Forest √ √

B (number of tree species/area with number of

tree species)

Other wooded land X

4.2 Regeneration

Forest (classified by regeneration type) √ √

C (even‐/uneven aged stand in regeneration/not in regeneration, data on types

are available) of which: even‐aged stands (classified by regeneration type) √ √

of which: uneven‐aged stands (classified by regeneration type) √ √

4.3 Naturalness

Forest (classified by undisturbed by man, semi natural,

plantations) √ √ B

Other wooded land (classified by undisturbed by man, semi

natural, plantations ) X

4.4 Introduced tree species

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Forest √ √ C,B (for tree species)

Other wooded land X

4.5 Dead wood (classified by standing/lying and

coniferous/broadleaved)

Forest √ √ D

Other wooded land X

4.6 Genetic resources X Bioversity International and

EC JRC

4.7 Landscape pattern X Bioversity International and

EC JRC

4.8 Threatened forest species X Red list of threatened species

4.9 Protected forests X

Regulation on protective forests and forests with a special purpose, Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia, Map of forest functions

C5: PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT

5.1 Protective forests – soil, water and other ecosystem functions X (data on forest functions)

5.2 Protective forests – infrastructure and managed natural

resources X (data on forest functions)

C6: SOCIO‐ECONOMIC FUNTIONS AND CONDITIONS

6.1 Forest holdings X Digital cadastral plans

6.2 Contribution of forest sector to GDP X

Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia (National data on annual

EAF)

6.3 Net revenue X

Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia (National data on annual

EAF)

6.4 Expenditures for services X Ministry of agriculture,

forestry and food

6.5 Forest sector workforce X

Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia (Eurostat Labour Force

Survey) 6.6 Occupational safety and health X Statistical office of the

6.7 Wood consumption X Statistical office of the

6.8 Trade in wood X Statistical office of the

6.9 Energy from wood resources X

Energy balance for RS 2009 (Ministry of economy of the

Republic of Slovenia) 6.10 Accessibility for recreation X (data on forest functions)

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6.11 Cultural and spiritual values X

Interactive nature conservation spatial data

base/Catalogue of Data Sources on the Environment

/ Ministry of culture

Legend:

√‐ available X ‐ not available

A ‐ reclassification of data is needed and possible B ‐ transformation of data is needed and possible C ‐ data availability is limited

D ‐ Countries must indicate thresholds and the parts of the three that are not included in the volume