demonstracijska naloga)
5.1 Določitve kritičnega vnosa za dušik in žveplo
Delno poročilo pripravil Klemen Eler, BF, odd. za agronomija.
Soil‐vegetation dynamic modelling of ICP forest Level‐II plots
Sites used for modelling
For this report two out of eleven Slovenian ICP level‐II plots were selected on the basis of data availability (longest time series to decrease interannual variability e.g. of wood increments, litterfall, depositions, water and temperature data). Sites are contrasting in soil conditions. Site ʺBrdoʺ is acidophilous species poor Scots pine forest and ʺBorovecʺ site is beech forest lying on carbonate bedrock. Soil acidification due to N and S deposition can only be relevant for ʺBrdoʺ site where the soil is acidic. Carbon and nitrogen pool modeling is eligible for both sites. Detailed information on sites are showed in the table 3.
Table 3: Site information of two Level‐II plots in Slovenia.
Site Borovec Brdo
Geogr. coordinates +45.32.12 +14.48.16
+46.17.14 +14.24.17
Altitude 705 m 471 m
Biogeographic region Dinaric Pre‐Alpine
Soil Rendzic leptosol, (eutric cambisol) Dystric cambisol
Mean pH of topsoil 6.6 4.1
Bedrock Limestone Fluvioglacial gravels and sands
Plant community Lamio orvalae‐Fagetum Vaccinio myrtilli‐Pinetum Dominant tree species Fagus sylvatica Pinus sylvestris
Stand age 80 yrs 100 yrs
Data sources
Dynamic modeling of acidification/eutrophication was performed using VSD+ (Bonten et al., 2011;
Reinds, 2009). The on‐site measurements included in calculations were: pH, carbon and nitrogen contents, soil bulk density, base saturation, cation exchange capacity, soil temperature, C:N ratio of soil, humus and litter, wood increments and litterfall, rainfall, water content. Some data (detailed chemical parameters of equilibrium equations, weathering rates, mineralization rates, and transfer fractions of the litter‐soil‐microbes system, mineral content of stems) were not obtained during level II measurements and default values within VSD+ or literature data were used. For historic depositions of pollutants and base cations EMEP data were used. MetHyd model to obtain runoff and temperature and SWC adjusted mineralization rates was not used at this moment. Model calibration was performed using the observed values of C and N pools, C:N ratio and base saturation for year 2004.
Table 4: Input values for VSD+ dynamic model for two Level‐II plots of Slovenia. For details on parameters and units see VSD+ manual (Bonten et al., 2011).
Site: BOROVEC
period thick bulkdens Theta pCO2fac CEC bsat_0 Excmo
d lgKAlBC lgKHBC expAl lgKAlox Cpool_
0
CNrat_
0 1960 2010 0.35 1.31 0.18 18.8 48.8 0.99 2 0.16 3.8 3 7.9 8000 18 RCOOmo
d cRCOO RCOOpars TempC percol Ca_we Mg_we K_we Na_we SO2_de p
NOx_de p
NH3_de
p Ca_dep Mg_dep
0 0 0.96 0.9
0.039 7.1 0.71 0.8 0.4 0.25 0.25 EMEP EMEP EMEP EMEP EMEP K_dep Na_dep Cl_dep cCa_mi
n
cMg_mi
n cK_min kmin_fe kmin_fs kmin_mb kmin_hu frhu_fe frhu_fs frhu_m b CN_fe EMEP EMEP EMEP 0.01 0.01 0.001 8.7 0.07 1 0.002 0.0002 0.28 0.95 17 CN_fs CN_mb CN_hu CN_rt Nst knit kdenit Nfix ctCast ctMgst ctKst rf_min rf_nit rf_denit 290 9.5 15.6 40 0.125 4 4 0.05 0 0 0 0.6395 0.6395 0.0073 age_veg veg_type Nlfmin Nlfmax ncf expNlfde
p
growthfun
c bsatobsCpoolob s
Npoolob s
CNratob s 30 4 1.52 2.9 0.5 8.2 1.5 0.72 0 0.935 10400 605 17.5
Site: BRDO
period thick bulkdens Theta pCO2fac CEC bsat_0 Excmo
d lgKAlBC lgKHBC expAl lgKAlox Cpool_
0
CNrat_
0 1960 2010 0.4 1.31 0.12 21 9.75 0.15 2 0.16 3.8 3 7.9 7500 18 RCOOmo
d cRCOO RCOOpars TempC percol Ca_we Mg_we K_we Na_we SO2_de p
NOx_de p
NH3_de
p Ca_dep Mg_dep 0 0.00437
9
0.96 0.9
0.039 8.1 0.65 0.025 0.02 0.025 0.025 EMEP EMEP EMEP EMEP EMEP K_dep Na_dep Cl_dep cCa_mi
n
cMg_mi
n cK_min kmin_fe kmin_fs kmin_mb kmin_hu frhu_fe frhu_fs frhu_m b CN_fe EMEP EMEP EMEP 0.0001 0.0001 0.0001 8.7 0.05 1 0.0005 0.0002 0.28 0.95 17 CN_fs CN_mb CN_hu CN_rt Nst knit kdenit Nfix ctCast ctMgst ctKst rf_min rf_nit rf_denit 320 9.5 10.6 40 0.11 4 4 0.1 0 0 0 0.6395 0.6395 0.0073 age_veg veg_type Nlfmin Nlfmax ncf expNlfde
p
growthfun
c bsatobsCpoolob s
Npoolob s
CNratob s 50 2 1.01 2 0.6 7.4 0.68 0.3
0 0.10 9700 430 22.5
VSD+ model was used in conjunction with VEG developed by Sverdrup et al. (2007) to estimate deterioration/improvement of soil to host certain plant species. At each study site four 10x10 m vegetation surveys were performed in 2004 and species inventory of the site was used for VEG model run. Species missing in database obtained from CCE were not included in model run. There were 6 out of 31 and 28 out of 83 species missing in this database for ʺBrdoʺ site and ʺBorovecʺ site, respectively. The most dominant species of both sites were included in model run.
Results
Figure 2: Results of VSD+ dynamic model for two forest sites for the period 1960 – 2010.
Figure 3: VEG module output for ʺBorovecʺ site (left) and ʺBrdoʺ site.
Results of VEG model are ecologically unrealistic, especially for the species rich ʺBorovecʺ site. Such large cover and time variability of some moss and herbaceous species is not expected. Dominant forest management type (selective cutting) in Slovenia precludes large shifts in plant community composition during forest growth. For model to approach real community initial cover estimates of species should be used instead of assembling the community ʺfrom scratchʺ.
Collaboration with habitat experts
Since the implementation of Natura 2000 in Slovenia the country was obliged to produce only one report on Natura 2000 favorable conservation status (according to article 17 of the EU Habitats directive). The next report will follow in 2013. In previous report (2007) no particular emphasis was given by reporters on nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere as being an important pressure on habitats and species. Fertilization of grasslands however is frequently denoted as important driver of species loss and habitat deterioration.
For the work done so far no formalized collaboration with national reporters of Natura 2000 status has been established. Two authors of Slovenian ʺNFCʺ are habitat (vegetation) experts (for forests and grasslands) and no additional support in this respect is needed. More effort, however, should be given in the future to inform the national reporters and Slovenian Environmental Agency about atmospheric depositions of nitrogen and exceedances as possible additional pressure on ecosystems and biodiversity.
References
Bonten, L.; Posch, M.; Reinds, G.‐J. (2011): The VSD+ soil Acidification Model, Model description and user manual, Version 0.20, Alterra,Wageningen; CCE,RIVM, Bilthoven.
Hettelingh, J.‐P.; Posch, M.; Slootweg, J. [eds.] (2008): Critical load, dynamic modelling and impact assessment in Europe: CCE status report 2008, Coordination Center for Effects, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands: 231 p.
Reinds, G.J. (2009): Air pollution impacts onEuropean forest soils: steady state and dynamic modeling.
Alterra Scientific Contributions 32, Alterra, Wageningen: 223 p.
Sverdrup, H.; Belyazid, S.; Nihlgård, B.; Ericson, L. (2007): Modelling change in ground vegetation response to acid and nitrogen pollution, climate change and forest management at in Sweden 1500‐
2100 A.D. Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus 7: 163‐179.
Working group on effects, Economic Comission for Europe, UN (2010): Empirical critical loads and dose‐response relationships. Prepared by the Coordination Centre for Effects of the international Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping Critical Levels and Loads and Air Pollution
Effects, Risks and Trends
http://www.unece.org/env/documents/2010/eb/wge/ece.eb.air.wg.1.2010.14.e.pdf
V predstavitvah “Exceedances of critical limits of nitrogen in European soils” avtorjev S. Iost, P.
Rautio, A‐J. Lindroos, R. Fischer & M. Lorenz (http://www.futmon.org/sites/default/files/
u5/rautio.pdf), “Impact of deposition and climate change on forest soils and floristic biodiversity”,
Hans‐Dieter Nagel et al. (OEKO‐DATA Strausberg, Germany)(
http://www.futmon.org/sites/default/files/ u5/nagel.pdf) in “Vegetation response to critical limits exceedances”, Peter Waldner et al. (http://www. futmon.org/sites/default/files/u5/waldner.pdf) so predstavljeni delni rezultati akcije D2 na zaključni delavnici projekta FutMon 21. junija 2011 v Bruslju (glej priloge).