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ENERGETIKA DOGAJANJ V OZRA ˇCJU

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ENERGETIKA DOGAJANJ V OZRA ˇ CJU

1

I. DEL: IZMERJENE IN MODELSKE VREDNOSTI

JOˇ ZE RAKOVEC

Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko

Univerza v Ljubljani

PACS: 92.60.Vb, 92.60.Bh

V uvodu za to, da dobimo predstavo o velikosti energetskih pretvorb v ozraˇcju, naj- prej primerjamo energijo, ki se sprosti v zmerni plohi, z energijo, proizvedeno v jedrski elektrarni. Potem v prvem delu s pomoˇcjo izmerjenih vrednosti in vrednosti, ki jih nu- dijo simulacije z meteoroloˇskimi modeli, prikaˇzemo glavne pretvorbe sonˇcne energije v t. i. zaznavno toploto in v t. i. latentno toploto ob izhlapevanju tekoˇce vode v vodno paro ter prenose teh vrst energije po zemeljski obli – ter ob kondenzaciji ponovno sproˇsˇcanje latentne toplote.

ENERGETICS OF ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES PART I.: THE MEASURED AND THE MODELLED VALUES In Introduction the energy, released in a moderate shower is compared with the amo- unt of energy, produced in a nuclear power plant – to illustrate how big are the amounts of energy transforms in the atmosphere. In Part I the main energy exchanges from solar into the sensible heat and the latent heat of evaporation, the advection of these across the globe, as well as the release of the latent heat by condensation are presented on the basis of the measured data and the values obtained by meteorological models.

1. Uvod

Vreme doˇzivljamo vsak dan, a le obˇcasno, npr. ob hudih viharjih ali ob udarih strel, zaslutimo mogoˇcnost energijskih pretvorb, ki ga poganjajo. To pa ne pomeni, da npr. tudi obiˇcajno vreme ali pa rahel deˇz nista povezana z velikimi koliˇcinami energije. Poskusimo za uvod to preveriti s kratko oceno, ki nam bo dala obˇcutek, za kolikˇsne energije gre!

Naj na obmoˇcje, veliko 10 km × 10 km, pade 10 mm deˇzja. Take pada- vine pri nas, kjer imamo v dolgodobnem povpreˇcju v severozahodni Sloveniji v Julijcih veˇc kot 3000 mm padavin na leto, v najbolj suhem severovzho- dnem delu pa ˇse vedno okrog 800 mm na leto, niso niˇc posebnega – toliko deˇzja pade npr. ob kratki plohi. Kakˇsne pa so energetske pretvorbe pri kondenzaciji vodne pare v oblakih? Za izhlapevanje enega litra (kilograma) vode je pri temperaturah okrog 0

C potrebno q

i

= 2,5 MJ toplote. Velika

1Predavanje 20. marca 2007 na Institutu Joˇzef Stefan v okviru Stefanovih dnevov

Obzornik mat. fiz. 55 (2008) 3 91

Reference

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