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SEKTOR DRŽAVA

In document DELOVNI ZVEZEK (Strani 43-79)

7. PRIKAZ MAKROEKONOMSKIH KATEGORIJ PO SEKTORJIH

7.2. SEKTOR DRŽAVA

Bruto vrednost proizvodnje države je obraèunana po stroškovni metodi kot vsota vrednosti inputov vmesne porabe (izdatkov za material in storitve), porabe stalnega kapitala, sredstev za zaposlene (stroškov dela) in drugih davkov na proizvodnjo. V sektorju države je bilo v letu 1998 realiziranih 11.8 % skupne proizvodnje rezidentnih enot. Netržni proizvajalci po uveljavljenem sistemu nacionalnih raèunov ne morejo prejemati drugih subvencij na proizvodnjo. Državne izdatke za konèno potrošnjo dobimo, èe od bruto vrednosti proizvodnje, obraèunane po stroškovni metodi, odštejemo prihodke od prodaj drugim sektorjem (tržne prihodke) in vrednost lastnih del za investicije v stalna sredstva. Izdatki za konèno potrošnjo države so v letu 1998 znašali 89.4 % vrednosti proizvodnje sektorja.

Sistem javnih financ, ki je bil v veljavi v preteklem štiriletnem obdobju, je temeljil na treh glavnih virih dohodkov države: socialnih prispevkih, prometnih davkih skupaj s trošarinami in davkih na dohodke. V letu 1998 so omenjeni viri skupaj predstavljali 85 % skupnih virov sektorja države, in sicer: prispevki delavcev in delodajalcev za socialno varnost 34.7 %, prometni davki 32.2 % in davki na dohodke 18.1 %. Davène stopnje pri prometnih davkih so se v zadnjih štirih letih postopno poveèevale, predvsem na promet naftnih derivatov, alkohol in tobaène izdelke ter na storitve, kar je poveèalo pomen navedenih davkov v strukturi dohodkov sektorja države.

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V letu 1997 je bila uvedena taksa na obremenjevanje zraka z emisijo ogljikovega dioksida, ki se je v letu 1998 nadalje poveèala. Med davki na dohodke in premoženje je bil v letu 1998 kot nov davèni vir uveden davek na bilanèno vsoto bank. Zaradi (v drugi polovici leta 1996) uvedenega davka na plaèilno listo je porastel delež drugih davkov na proizvodnjo (leta 1996 je delež le-teh znašal 2.3 %, leta 1998 znaša 4.2 %). Na porast pomena raznovrstnih tekoèih transferjev v letu 1998 je med drugim vplivalo tudi poveèanje sodnih in registracijskih taks. Zaradi zniževanja obveznih prispevkov delodajalcev že od leta 1996 dalje pada delež navedenega vira sektorja države. Zaradi izvajanja pridružitvenega sporazuma z EU in drugih prostocarinskih sporazumov je za celotno prouèevano obdobje znaèilno zniževanje carin in uvoznih dajatev; delež carin in uvoznih dajatev v skupnih virih dohodkov sektorja države je padel od 7.9 % v letu 1995 na 3.3 % v letu 1998. Novi viri in poveèanje obstojeèih v prouèevanem obdobju niso uspeli nadomestiti posledic zniževanja prispevkov za socialno varnost in upadanja prihodkov od carin ob soèasnem poveèanju izdatkov za socialne transferje kot posledici obstojeèih sistemov socialne varnosti. Pozitivna bilanca med viri in porabo sektorja države se je že v letu 1996 prevesila v skromen primanjkljaj. Z narašèanjem izdatkov za konèno porabo so se razmere v letu 1997 nadalje poslabšale; poraba sektorja države je v tem letu za 4.3 % presegla razpoložljive fiskalne vire. Primanjkljaj virov za pokrivanje porabe se je v letu 1998 znižal na 2.9 %.

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7. 3. SEKTOR GOSPODINJSTEV

Gospodinjstva niso samo ponudniki dela, kapitala in zemlje na trgu proizvodnih faktorjev in povpraševalci po proizvodih in storitvah, temveè tudi pomemben proizvodni sektor. V sektorju gospodinjstev je bilo leta 1998 ustvarjenih 21.7 % skupne dodane vrednosti rezidentnih proizvodnih enot.

V sektorju gospodinjstev poteka pet glavnih skupin proizvodnih aktivnosti, in sicer:

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proizvodnja nekmeèkih gospodinjstev (kot npr. vrtièkarstvo),

- aktivnosti nekorporativnih podjetij in samozaposlenih, registriranih v ustreznem registru,

- aktivnosti samozaposlenih, ki niso registrirani v omenjenem registru kot npr. arhitekti, odvetniki, zdravniki,

- samogradnja individualnih stanovanj in poslovnih zgradb nekorporativnih podjetij v sektorju gospodinjstev,

- stanovanjske storitve vkljuèno z inputirano rento lastnikov stanovanj.

Na osnovi primarne razdelitve je bilo sektorju gospodinjstev v letu 1998 razporejenih kar 68.3 % skupnega bruto nacionalnega dohodka. Po opravljenih prerazdelitvah (glede na davke na dohodke in premoženje, socialne transferje) je bruto razpoložljivi dohodek sektorja znašal 63.5 % skupnega v letu 1998. Gospodinjstva se avtonomno odloèajo o razporeditvi razpoložljivega dohodka med konèno potrošnjo in varèevanje, na podlagi ocen obstojeèe ekonomske situacije in prièakovanih sprememb v prihodnosti.

V letu 1998 so gospodinjstva privarèevala 13.4 % razpoložljivega dohodka sektorja. Delež sektorja v skupnem bruto nacionalnem varèevanju je bil v letu 1998 veèji od tretjine (34.5 %). Èeprav je sektor sam pomembno udeležen v bruto investicijah v osnovna sredstva (30.1 % skupnih v letu 1998) je neto posojilodajalec. Delež neto posojil v bruto razpoložljivem dohodku sektorja je leta 1998 znašal 2.1 %.

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Stran 56

DELOVNI ZVEZKI ZMAR ZAKLJUÈNE UGOTOVITVE

Predstavljena podatkovna osnova daje konsistenten kvantitativen prikaz rezultatov procesa proizvodnje, ustvarjanja in delitve dohodkov ter njihove potrošnje v preteklem štiriletnem obdobju. Odnosi, razvidni iz prikazanih

številk, imajo svoj ekonomski pomen ter se odražajo tudi v strukturnih znaèilnostih Slovenije v sedanjem trenutku. Prikazani sistem nacionalnih raèunov daje ne samo osnovne narodnogospodarske agregate, temveè tudi trden okvir in bogate analitske možnosti za nadaljnje razèlenjevanje. Obsežno podatkovno osnovo omenjenega sistema je mogoèe analizirati iz razliènih zornih kotov. Èeprav je bila ocena sistema raèunov v osnovi izdelana glede na specifiène analitiène potrebe usklajevanja ekonomske politike, projiciranja in modeliranja, so možnosti njegove uporabe veèstranske. Celovita ekonomska analiza bogate vsebine sistema raèunov presega namen tega delovnega zvezka. Glede na razliène zahteve je po našem mnenju primerneje, da tudi drugim uporabnikom ponudimo razèlenjeno podatkovno osnovo in s tem možnost, da analitske pristope prilagodijo svojim potrebam in aktualnim politiènim aplikacijam. Na tem mestu tudi ne predstavljamo temeljnih ugotovitev, ki izhajajo iz makroekonomske analize sistema, saj so objavljene v drugih publikacijah, ki jih izdeljujemo v ZMAR-u (Pomladansko poroèilo, Jesensko poroèilo).

LITERATURA:

European system of accounts, ESA 1995, Eurostat, June 1996.

System of National Accounts 1993, Commission of the EC, IMF, OECD, UN, WB.

Dr. Ivo Lavraè: Matrika nacionalnih raèunov Slovenije za potrebe projekcij, Posvetovanje: Statistika in evidence za potrebe odprtega tržnega gospodarstva, Radenci, november 1993.

Statistika nacionalnih raèunov, Statistiène informacije št.205, Statistièni urad Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana, 27.julij 1999.

Statistièni letopis 1998, Statistièni urad Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana, 1998.

SUMMARY

In this working paper time series of national accounts figures for Slovenia for the years 1995-1998 are published. In the IMAD tradition of compiling national accounts estimates, input-output table is an important tool for integrating most of the information about the economic process. The com-pilation of the provisional annual accounts is achieved by a technique of extrapolation whose point of departure is a basic input-output table that contains structural information. By means of data on the trends of the various elements, the table is extrapolated to the year under review. In addition to trend indicators, there are autonomous information (or inde-pendent estimates) for the level of a number of variables. However, when we are preparing new estimates and projections, there are no trend indica-tors or autonomous information for all cells of the input-output table; hence assumptions have to supplement the two types of information. For the provisional annual accounts a table of size 23X23 is balanced.

Medium matrix for a particular year aggregates at the level of 27 accounts : sectoral accounts and the accounts of 4 groups of distribution transactions with the input-output table, which in this case collapsed into an account of all activities. In this way the inter-relationships between main transaction categories leading to a set of domestic and national balancing items are presented in aggregated form. The aggregated matrix is a summary table to which subsequent more detailed tables are enclosed.

The medium matrix provides a framework and consistent data for economy-wide models with detailed classifications of the most important distributive transactions by institutional sectors. The specific purpose of medium ma-trix is to render a complete account of the inter-linkages which exist at the meso-level, through cross-classification of transactions involving different units or grouping of units. With medium matrix, these linkages can be traced ex post. Besides, the effects can be simulated ex ante with the help of a matrix-based model. Integration of more basic data entails the possibil-ity of more policy issues being monitored and analysed inter-relatedly.

Evidently, in medium matrix the stress lies on a representation of the eco-nomic structure. Matrix-based models are particularly relevant to policy analyses in which the structural features of an economy play an important role.

The national accounts provide a quantitative description of the economic process in a given year. Data sources used are based on the official data sources available up to the end of August 1999. In addition to matrix presentation, national accounts figures are also presented in the sequence of accounts tables for each year of the specified period.

The production account is drawn up for industries and for main institu-tional sectors (enterprises, government, households). Its resources include output and its uses include intermediate consumption. The production ac-count at the level of the total economy includes in resources, in addition to the output of goods and services, taxes less subsidies on products. It thus enables gross domestic product (at market prices) to be obtained as a balancing item.

The sequence of accounts further contains distribution and use of income analysed in several stages. The first stage concerns the generation of in-come resulting directly from the production process and its distribution between the production factors (labour, capital) and general government (via taxes on production and subsidies). It enables the operating surplus (or mixed income in the case of households) and primary income to be deter-mined. Unlike the generation account, the allocation of primary income account concerns the resident units and institutional sectors as recipients rather than producers of primary income. The secondary distribution of income account shows how the balance of the primary income of institu-tional sector is allocated by redistribution : current taxes on income, wealth etc., social contributions and benifits and other current transfers; the bal-ancing item of the account is disposable income. The next stage describes how income is consumed and saved, yielding the saving. In the system, only government, NPISHs and households have final consumption. For the institutional sectors with final consumption , the use of income account shows how disposable income is divided between final consumption ex-penditure and saving.

Stran 58

DELOVNI ZVEZKI ZMAR

The capital account makes it possible to determine the extent to which acquisitions less disposals of non-financial assets have been financed out of saving and by capital transfers. It shows a net lending corresponding to the amount available to a sector for financing, directly or indirectly, other sectors or a net borrowing corresponding to the amount which a sector is obliged to borrow from other sectors.

The specific purpose of the publishing sequence of accounts tables was to update the availability of some structural and consistent data and to render a complete account of the inter-linkages which exist at the meso-level, through cross-classification of transactions involving different units or group-ing of units.

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