Tveganja, ki jih prinaša vpeljava nove mikro RNA tehnologije, zajemajo vse od zavračanja gensko spremenjenih organizmov do negativnega vpliva na okolje. Prav tako lahko mikro RNA vpliva na sestavo človeške črevesne mikrobiote. Tveganja z mikro RNA genskim modificiranjem lahko predstavljajo izven-tarčni učinki na druge gene gostitelja, na mikroorganizme, transgena introgresija in tveganje povezano z varnostjo hrane. S tehnologijo, ki uporablja male RNA, se lahko pojavi problem nenamernih sekundarnih učinkov, še posebej ob uporabi tehnologije za ustvarjanje širokega spektra odpornosti na patogene (Ramesh, 2013).
Prav tako obstaja možnost, da transgena rastlina z rezistenco na virus sproži horizontalni genski prenos v druge mikroorganizme v zemlji (Fuchs in Gonsalves, 2007). Rastline same po sebi
14
vsebujejo mikro RNA, v katerih se pojavlja tudi sekvenčna homologija s človeškimi geni, kar nam ne povzroča težav. Sklepamo, da prisotnost amiRNA ne vpliva na varnost prehranjevanja z gensko spremenjenimi organizmi (Ramesh, 2013). Do zdaj ni znano ali tehnologija prekomernega izražanja določene mikro RNA lahko povzroča težave za uporabo rastline v prehrani.
6 ZAKLJUČEK
Različni patogeni nenehno ogrožajo svetovno pridelavo rastlinskih pridelkov. Nova dognanja na področju raziskav v rastlinski biologiji so razkrila novo strategijo v boju proti patogenom z uporabo mikro RNA tehnologij, ki se odzovejo na napad patogenov. Z razvojem novih strategij in njihovo vpeljavo v proizvodnjo lahko bolj obvladujemo širjenje bolezni in vplivamo na kakovost pridelka.
Mikro RNA se lahko uporabi kot biomarker odpornosti na določene bolezni. Rastlinska odpornost, ki temelji na mikro RNA, je ključnega pomena za rastlinsko imunost. Trenutno razumevanje področja je dobra podlaga za razvoj molekularnih orodij za povečanje kmetijske proizvodnje. Potrebnih bo še precej poglobljenih raziskav o biokemičnih encimih in mikro RNA posredovanem mehanizmu (Islam in sod., 2018).
Zaradi univerzalnosti, stabilnosti in sposobnosti ohranjanja ima mikro RNA tehnologija ogromen potencial v agrokulturi, gozdarstvu in okoljski remediaciji. Kljub trenutni zadostni varnosti globalne prehrane obstajajo tveganja, da v prihodnosti proizvodnja ne bo zadostila naraščajočim potrebam (Christou in Twyman, 2004).
Veliki problemi se pojavljajo predvsem v revnejših državah in v državah v razvoju, ki nimajo vzpostavljene zanesljive pridelave hrane. Vse strategije za reševanje tega prehranjevalnega problema morajo vsebovati zvišan dohodek pridelovalcev preko zvišanja produktivnosti kmetijskih rastlin (Christou in Twyman, 2004). Tehnologija na osnovi mikro RNA ni le nov vir kandidatov transgenih organizmov, temveč je lahko navdih za razvoj novih tehnologij, kot je amiRNA. Študije interakcij na nivoju mikro RNA nam odkrijejo vpogled v mehanizme posttranskripcijske genske regulacije in rastlinske molekularne poti odzivov na stres (Zhou in Luo, 2013). Mikro RNA ima potencial postati novo biotehnološko orodje. Ovira so stranski učinki, kot so npr. pleiotropske spremembe rastlinske morfologije in razvoja. Pomembno je, da detektiramo vse povezane mehanizme, da lahko razvijemo pravilno transgeno strategijo, s katero dosežemo želeno lastnost (Li in sod., 2008).
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18 ZAHVALA
Zahvaljujem se svoji mentorici izr. prof. dr. Nataši Štajner za vso ljubeznivost in pripravljenost za pomoč.
Hvala moji družini, ki verjame vame in me podpira na moji poti.