DRUGI VIRI IZPOSTAVLJENOSTI KEMIKALIJAM IZ OKOLJA; NADZOR IN OMEJEVANJE TVEGANJ ZA ZDRAVJE
Alojz Grabner
Povzetek. Ko govorimo o izpostavljenosti ljudi kemikalijam oziroma kemijskim tveganjem iz okolja, moramo okolje definirati v širšem pomenu. Poleg zraka, vode in zemlje, ki so trije osnovni elementi izpostavljenosti, moramo kot del okolja v širšem pomenu pojmovati tudi QHSRVUHGQRGRPDþHRNROMH7HJDOMXGMHXVWYDUMDPRVDPLVVYRMLPQDþLQRPåLYOMHQMDWHUEROMDOL manj zavestnim ravnanjem in obnašanjem, predvsem pa z uporabo številnih izdelkov, proizvodov LQ PDWHULDORY NL VR SRVWDOL QHORþOMLY GHOVRGREQHJD QDþLQD åLYOMHQMD LQ VDPRXPHYQD GREURELW VRGREQH WHKQRORãNRFLYLOL]DFLMVNH VWRSQMH UD]YRMD PRGHUQH GUXåEH VWROHWMD 3UL WHP VH SRJRVWR QH ]DYHGDPR GD WL L]GHONL QDVWDMDMR Y SURL]YRGQLK SURFHVLK NL YNOMXþXMHMR XSRUDER UD]OLþQLKãNRGOMLYLKNHPLNDOLMDOLSDVR]QMLPLNDNRGUXJDþHWHVQRSRYH]DQL
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x åLYRVUHEURYVLMDONDK
GRGDWNL]DL]EROMãDQMHIXQNFLMDOLYDUQRVWL
x zaviralci gorenja v avtomobilskih materialih (decaBDE (dekabromodifenileter), HBCD (heksabromociklododekan)), x antibakterijski premazi v športnih tekstilnih izdelkih (srebro),
x GRGDWNL]DPHKþDQMHSODVWLþQLKNRPSRQHQWIWDODWL
x VUHGVWYD]D]DãþLWRPHGWUDQVSRUWRPDOLVNODGLãþHQMHP'0)GLPH WLOIRUPDPLG
x WHIORQVNLSUHPD]L
WHKQRORãNRQHL]RJLEQLRVWDQNLWHKQRORãNLKSRVWRSNRYSULSURL]YRGQMLUD]QLK L]GHONRY
x RVWDQNLEDUYLQGHWHUJHQWRYQDWHNVWLOX13(QRQLOIHQROHWRNVLODW x QHþLVWRþHLQSULPHVLYYKRGQLKVXURYLQDKDOLNRPSRQHQWDK
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UPRAVLJANJE S TVEGANJI INDUSTRIJSKIH KEMIKALIJ – PRISTOP REACH
3ULVWRSREACH registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicalsUHJLVWUDFLMDHYDOYDFLMDDYWRUL]DFLMDGHOXMH SULYHþLQL YDUQRVWQLK YLGLNRY QSU PHKDQVND WUGQRVW HOHNWULþQD YDUQRVW 9SUDãDQM NHPLMVNH YDUQRVWLSD]DUDGLãLURNHUD]ãLUMHQRVWLNHPLNDOLM]DKWHYQRVWLLQNRPSOHNVQRVWL QMLKRYHJDREQDãDQMDGHORYDQMDLQXþLQNRYQDåLYOMHQMVNHSURFHVHQLPRJR þH SRYVHP]DXSDWLL]NOMXþQR SURL]YDMDOFHPNL ]D L]YDMDQMH YVHK SRWUHEQLK UD]LVNDYLQDQDOL]SUDYLORPDQLPDMRXVWUH]QHJD]QDQMDLQ]PRJOMLYRVWL3UR L]YRGQMD SURPHW LQ XSRUDED NHPLNDOLM VR ]DWR åH RG NRQFD ãHVWGHVHWLKOHW SUHMãQMHJD VWROHWMD SUHGPHW SRVHEQH GRGDWQH XUHGLWYH ]DUDGL NDWHUH MH NHPLMVND LQGXVWULMD Y (8 PHG QDMEROM QDG]RURYDQLPL LQ ]DNRQVNRDGPLQL VWUDWLYQR UHJXOLUDQLPL SDQRJDPL 9 L]YDMDQMH WH XUHGLWYH VH EROM NRW QD NDWHUHPNROLGUXJHPSRGURþMXYNOMXþXMHMRVSHFLDOL]LUDQLRUJDQLLQLQVWLWXFLMH GUåDYþODQLFLQ(8
1DMYHþMLSUREOHPNLVSUHPOMDXSUDYOMDQMHWYHJDQMVNHPLNDOLMDPLMHSRPDQM NDQMHSRGDWNRYRQMLKRYLKODVWQRVWLKGHORYDQMXLQXSRUDELýHSUDY]DNRQRGDMD SURL]YDMDOFH NHPLNDOLM ]DYH]XMH GD VNUELMR ]D VYRMH VQRYL VSUHPOMDMR LQ UD]LVNXMHMR QMLKRYH RVQRYQH ODVWQRVWL WH LQIRUPDFLMH SD SUHGDMDMR YVHP XSRUDEQLNRPYGREDYQLYHULJLMHELORYUVWROHWMDVQRGDWHKLQIRUPDFLMQLDOL SD VR QHSRSROQH /HWD MH SR GROJLK OHWLK SULSUDY LQ XVNODMHYDQM (8 XYHGOD QRY FHORYLW LQ Y VYHWRYQHP SRJOHGX HGLQVWYHQ VLVWHP QDG]RUD LQ XSUDYOMDQMD V NHPLNDOLMDPL SRLPHQRYDQREACH .RW åH ]DSLVDQR MH WR NUDWLFD ]D DQJOHãNH EHVHGH registration evaluation authorization and
restriction of chemicals, slovensko registracija, evalvacija, avtorizacija in omejevanje kemikalij [2].
REACH vzpostavlja celovit in skupni evropski register vseh industrijsko relevantnih snovi, njihovih osnovnih kemijskih, fizikalnih, toksikoloških in HNRWRNVLNRORãNLKODVWQRVWLWHUSRGDWNRYRQMLKRYLXSRUDELYGRORþHQLKSULPH ULKSDWXGLRWYHJDQMLKNLMLKWHVQRYLODKNRSRY]URþDMR3RGMHWMDPRUDMR]D vsako snov (v nekaterih primerih tudi za proizvode, ki to snov vsebujejo), ki MR SURL]YHGHMR DOL XYR]LMR Y NROLþLQL QDG WRQR QD OHWR (YURSVNL NHPLMVNL agenciji predati t.i. registracijski dosje. Skrb za kakovost teh podatkov v sistemu REACHQLYHþSUHSXãþHQDLQGXVWULMLDPSDNMLK(YURSVNDDJHQFLMD ]D NHPLNDOLMH Y VRGHORYDQMX V SULVWRMQLPL RUJDQL GUåDY þODQLF Y 56 MH WR 8UDG56]DNHPLNDOLMHVNUEQRSUHYHUMDýHRFHQLGDQDSRGODJLSUHGORåH QLKSRGDWNRYQLPRJRþHYFHORWLRGYUQLWLVNUEL]DGRORþHQRWYHJDQMHODKNR zahteva tudi izvedbo dodatnih raziskav.
'RORþHQHVQRYL]DUDGLVYRMLKL]UD]LWRQHYDUQLKODVWQRVWLSRY]URþDMRSRVHEQR zaskrbljenost (Substances of Very High Concern, SVHC). Te snovi so lahko:
x UDNRWYRUQHPXWDJHQHDOL VWUXSHQH ]DUD]PQRåHYDQMHNLVR SR SUDYLOLK
*OREDOQHJD KDUPRQL]LUDQHJD VLVWHPD ]D UD]YUãþDQMH LQ R]QDþHYDQMH NHPLNDOLM*+6>@UD]YUãþHQHYNDWHJRULML$DOL%
x REVWRMQHVHNRSLþLMRYRUJDQL]PLKLQVRVWUXSHQHpersistent bioaccumu-lative toxic3%7DOLVR]HORREVWRMQHLQVH]HORODKNRNRSLþLMRYRUJDQL]PLK (very persistent very bioaccumulativeY3Y%
x druge snovi, za katere obstaja znanstveni dokaz o verjetnih resnih XþLQNLKNLSRY]URþDMRHQDNRYUHGQRVWRSQMR]DVNUEOMHQRVWLNDNRU]JRUDM QDYHGHQHVQRYLQSUNHPLþQLSRY]URþLWHOMLKRUPRQVNLKPRWHQM.3+0 Te snovi se po sistemu REACH REUDYQDYDMR SR SRVHEQLK SRVWRSNLK 3R XYUVWLWYLVQRYLPHG69+&PRUDMRSURL]YDMDOFLDOLXYR]QLNLL]GHONRYNLYVH EXMHMR WH VQRYL Y NRQFHQWUDFLML YHþML NRW SUHMHPQLNH REYHãþDWL R YVHEQRVWL WHK VQRYL LQ WXGL R QMLKRYL YDUQL XSRUDEL (QDNR PRUDMR R WHP VH]QDQLWL WXGL SRWURãQLNH þH ]DKWHYDMR WH LQIRUPDFLMH
9 NRQþQL ID]L VH GRORþHQHVQRYL69+&ODKNRXYUVWLMRQDVH]QDP]DDYWRUL]DFLMRNDUSRPHQL GDVHSRGRORþHQHPREGREMXQHVPHMRYHþXSRUDEOMDWLUD]HQþHSULGRELMR SRVHEQRGRYROMHQMH(YURSVNHNRPLVLMHNLSDVHL]GDMD]DYVDNSULPHUSRVH EHMQD SRGODJLWHPHOMLWHSURXþLWYHWYHJDQM ]D ]GUDYMH LQDOLRNROMHLQVRFLR HNRQRPVNLKSRVOHGLFQMLKRYHXNLQLWYHXSRUDEH
9SULPHULKNR]QREHQLPRG]JRUDMQDYHGHQLKXNUHSRYQLPRJRþH]DJRWRYLWL YDUQH XSRUDEH GRORþHQH VQRYL DOLRPHMLWLWYHJDQMD SRG VSUHMHPOMLYR UDYHQ
pa je po sistemu REACH PRJRþHXYHVWL QMHQRGHOQRDOLSRSROQR RPHMLWHY
uporabe, prometa ali proizvodnje. Omejitev je popolnoma neodvisna od zgoraj naštetih elementov REACH in se lahko uporabi za katero koli snov samo ali v zmeseh oz. izdelkih.
REACH je univerzalni sistem upravljanja s kemijskimi tveganji v EU, ki se XSRUDEOMD ]D YHþLQRVQRYLLQQMLKRYLK ]PHVL SDWXGL]DVQRYL YSURL]YRGLK 1MHJRYDRURGMDRPRJRþDMRVNUE]D]GUDYMHOMXGLLQRNROMH]D]PDQMãHYDQMH WYHJDQMQDGHORYQHPPHVWXSDWXGLWYHJDQMD ]DUDGLSRVUHGQHL]SRVWDYOMH QRVWLOMXGLL]RNROMD
POSEBNE SKUPINE KEMIKALIJ
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3HVWLFLGLNDPRUSULãWHYDPRILWRIDUPDFHYWVNDVUHGVWYDLQELRFLGQHSURL]YRGH ]ODVWL SD QMLKRYH DNWLYQH VQRYL VR SUHGPHW SRVHEQH REUDYQDYH NL GRORþD GYRVWRSHQMVNL VLVWHP QDG]RUD åH SUHG GDMDQMHP WHK SURL]YRGRY Y SURPHW R]LURPDYXSRUDER1D SUYLVWRSQMLVHQDUDYQL(8QDMSUHMRSUDYLWHPHOMLWD SURXþLWHYLQRFHQDDNWLYQLKVQRYLQMLKRYLKODVWQRVWLLQXþLQNRYQD]GUDYMHLQ RNROMH2FHQMHYDQMHDNWLYQLKVQRYLELRFLGQLKSURL]YRGRYQDWHMUDYQLRSUDYOMD (YURSVNDNHPLMVNDDJHQFLMDDNWLYQLKVQRYLYILWRIDWPDFHYWVNLKVUHGVWYLKSD (YURSVNDDJHQFLMH]DYDUQRKUDQR()6$REVRGHORYDQMXSULVWRMQLKRUJDQRY Y GUåDYDK þODQLFDK Y 6ORYHQLML 8UDGRP 56 ]D NHPLNDOLMH LQ $JHQFLMR ]D YDUQR KUDQR YHWHULQDUVWYR LQ YDUVWYR UDVWOLQ âHOH NR MH QD SRGODJL WH SURXþLWYH ]DJRWRYOMHQD YDUQD XSRUDED WHK VQRYL ]D SUHGYLGHQL QDPHQ VH DNWLYQD VQRY ODKNR ]DþQH XSRUDEOMDWL YHQGDU OH ]D QDPHQH NL VR ELOL XSRãWHYDQL SUL SULSUDYL RFHQH 1D GUXJL VWRSQML VH SR SRVHEQHP SRVWRSNX L]YHGH ãH QDFLRQDOQD UHJLVWUDFLMD NRQþQLK ILWRIDUPDFHYWVNLK DOL ELRFLGQLK SURL]YRGRY SR SRVDPH]QLK GUåDYDK YNDWHUL GUåDYHþODQLFH ODKNR XSRãWH YDMRUHJLRQDOQHHOHPHQWH LQ SRVHEQRVWL LQ GRORþLMR ãH GRGDWQH RPHMLWYH LQ ]DKWHYH>@
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Nanotehnologija in nanomateriali postavljajo pred upravljavce tveganj s kemikalijami povsem nove izzive, saj znanstveni postopki, ki jih uporabljamo ]DREUDYQDYRNHPLNDOLMVHGDMQHXSRãWHYDMRELVWYHQRGUXJDþQLKODVWQRVWLLQ REQDãDQMD QDQRGHOFHY Y RUJDQL]PLK 7XGL QD WHP SRGURþMX ER WUHED ãHOH Y]SRVWDYLWLXVWUH]QH]QDQVWYHQHPHWRGHLQSULVWRSHNLERGRRPRJRþLOLSUH SR]QDYDQMHWHKPDWHULDORYLQQMLKRYLKXþLQNRYQDåLYOMHQMVNHSURFHVH>@
LITERATURA
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