Urška Blaznik, Mojca Fuart Gatnik
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+UDQR JUDGLMR NHPLMVNH VQRYL NL VR Y SUHWHåQL PHUL QXMQH LQ ]DåHOHQH LQ YNOMXþXMHMRRVQRYQDPDNURKUDQLOD±RJOMLNRYHKLGUDWHPDãþREHEHOMDNRYLQH YODNQLQH PLNURKUDQLOD HOHPHQWH Y VOHGRYLK YRGR ± LQ ]DãþLWQH VQRYL NRW QSU NDURWHQRLGH ILWRVWHUROH IODYRQRLGH 9HþLQD KUDQLO Y XUDYQRWHåHQL SUHKUDQL SULVSHYD N RSWLPDOQHPX GHORYDQMX RUJDQL]PD Y YVHK åLYOMHQMVNLK REGREMLK
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nastajajo v procesih priprave hrane. Tako je bilo na primer šele v letu 2002 RGNULWRGDSULSRYVHPRELþDMQLSULSUDYLKUDQHSULYLVRNLKWHPSHUDWXUDKODKNR QDVWDMDMR]QDWQHNROLþLQHDNULODPLGDNLMHJHQRWRNVLþQDLQUDNRWYRUQDVQRY>@
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ne kemikalije in njihove mešanice in njihov pomen pri nastanku raka so še YHGQRSUHGPHWãWHYLOQLKUD]LVNDYLQRFHQWYHJDQMD3UHKUDQMXMHPRVHYVLLQ YVDN GDQ ]DWR VH QHNDWHULP VQRYHP þHWXGL VR GRND]DQR QHYDUQH QH PRUHPRSRYVHPL]RJQLWL 3UDY ]DWRMHREYODGRYDQMH WYHJDQMD ]DVQRYL ]D katere obstaja sum, do so rakotvorne, še posebej zahtevno.
Za uspešno obvladovanje rakotvornih kemikalij je nujna postavitev prioritet, NLVRYSULVWRMQRVWLXSUDYOMDOFHYVWYHJDQML(QRRGPRåQLKPHULO]DRGORþDQMH je v nadaljevanju predstavljena ocena vrednosti mejne izpostavljenosti SULVWRS02(1DGUXJRVRRSR]RULOLGDQVNLUD]LVNRYDOFL]L]UDþXQRP'$/<
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9SULVSHYNXSULND]XMHPRUD]YRMUD]OLþQLKSULVWRSRYNUD]XPHYDQMXLQNREYOD GRYDQMX UDNRWYRUQLK NHPLMVNLK VQRYL Y åLYLOLK NDU SUHGVWDYOMDPR ] QDMEROM izpostavljenimi primeri.
5$.279251(.(0,-6.(6129,635$*208ý,1.29$1-$9ä,9,/,+
S spoznavanjem nastajanja raka se je spreminjal tudi pristop k obravnavi UDNRWYRUQLKNHPLNDOLM:HLVEXUJHULQ:LOOLDPVVWDELODSUYDNLVWDUDNRWYRUQH NHPLNDOLMHUD]GHOLODYGYHãLURNLNDWHJRULMLSRPHKDQL]PXGHORYDQMDLQVLFHU QDUDNRWYRUQHNHPLNDOLMH]JHQRWRNVLþQLPGHOXMHQDJHQHWVNLPDWHULDOLQ]
QHJHQRWRNVLþQLP PHKDQL]PRP GHORYDQMD >@ 1HJHQRWRNVLþQH UDNRWYRUQH VQRYLYQDGDOMHYDQMXUDNRWYRUQHQHSRY]URþDMRQHSRVUHGQLKVSUHPHPEY VDPLGHRNVLULERQXNOHLQVNLNLVOLQL'1.SDþSDXVWYDUMDMRSRJRMH]DQDVWD nek in razvoj tumorjev; delujejo kot spodbujevalci rasti tumorjev, hormonski PRWLOFL ]DYLUDOFL LPXQVNHJD VLVWHPD ODKNR L]]RYHMR WNLYQR VSHFLILþQR VWUX penost in vnetje>@(PSLULþQDRSD]RYDQMDQDSRVNXVQLKåLYDOLKVRSRND]DOD GDVRUDNRWYRUQHNHPLNDOLMHQDMYHþNUDWSRYH]DQHVWXPRUMLYHQHPRGRUJD QRYDOLWNLYNLVRVSHFLILþQL]DSRVDPH]QRYUVWRDOLVSROLQVHSRMDYLMRãHOH SUL YLãMLK ]QDWQLK RGPHUNLK 7R SRPHQL GD REVWDMD SUDJ SRG NDWHULP VH WXPRUML QH SRMDYLMR LQ XþLQNL WDNLK VQRYL VR GR QHNH PHUH UHYHU]LELOQL >@
Starejša primera prepoznanih rakotvornih kemikalij v hrani sta dovoljena DGLWLYD ]D åLYLOD ± VODGLOR VDKDULQ LQ DQWLRNVLGDQW EXWLOLUDQL KLGURNVLDQL]RO
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5DNRWYRUQH NHPLNDOLMH ] JHQRWRNVLþQLP PHKDQL]PRP GHORYDQMD NL QHSR
.HPLNDOLMD 9ORJDYåLYLOX 7DUþQL organ/testna vrsta
3UDJXþLQNRYDQMD [mg/kg telesne mase]
1DþLQ REYODGRYDQMD
6DKDULQ DGLWLYVODGLOR
E 954 PHKXUVDPFL
SRGJDQ ±
anizol DGLWLYDQWLRNVLGDQW
E 320 SRåLUDOQLN
SRGJDQH ±
( YUDQLFDJORGDYFL SUHYLGQRVWQR
QDþHORXSRUDED
)XUIXUDO DURPD MHWUDPLãL ± seznam
GRYROMHQLKDURP
številna mesta WXPRUMHYãWHYLOQH
OMXGMH VSUHPOMDQMHLQ
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Saharin (E 954)
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Butilirani hidroksianizol (BHA, E 320)
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izdelkov iz Velike Britanije (t.i. breakfast sausages). Barvilo se v telesu presnovi do anilina, za katerega je dokazana rakotvornost, poleg tega ni PRåQRL]NOMXþLWLSRWHQFLDOD]DJHQRWRNVLþQRVW.OMXEUH]XOWDWRPUD]LVNDYQD JORGDYFLKNMHUVHEDUYLOR(QLL]ND]DORNRWUDNRWYRUQRMH()6$XSRãWH YDOD SUHVQRYR GR DQLOLQD SUL þORYHNX LQ ]DYUQLOD XSRUDER EDUYLOD ( Y åLYLOLK%DUYLORVHY(8QHVPHYHþXSRUDEOMDWL>@
Nitriti/nitrati (E 249–E 252)
1LWUDWL VR QDUDYQR Y ]HOHQMDYL Y YLãMLK NRQFHQWUDFLMDK SUHGYVHP Y ]HOHQR OLVWQL 3ROHJ QDUDYQLP VPR Y SUHKUDQL L]SRVWDYOMHQL WXGL QLWUDWRP Y PHVQLK L]GHONLKNMHUVHQDWULMHYHDOLNDOLMHYHQLWUDWQHQLWULWQHVROLXSRUDEOMDMRNRWVRO ]DUD]VRO1DWDQDþLQVHãþLWLMRPHVQLL]GHONLSUHGUDVWMREDNWHULMPHGQMLPL Clostridium botulinumNLL]GHOXMHVPUWQRQHYDUQLWRNVLQERWXOLQ3UYRSRURþLOR GDVHYNRQ]HUYLUDQLKPHVQLKL]GHONLKYGRORþHQLKRNROLãþLQDKODKNRWYRULMR UDNRWYRUQH 1QLWUR]R VQRYLNRW VR QLWUR]DPLQL MH L] OHWD 1LWUR]DPLQL QDVWDMDMRWXGLY åHORGFXL]HQGRJHQHJD QLWUDWDNLVHVSURãþDVVOLQRLQ JD XVWQHEDNWHULMHUHGXFLUDMRGRQLWULWDNLSRWHPUHDJLUD]DPLQLL]KUDQH>@
6 SRVNXVL VR GRND]DOL GD MH YHOLNR 1QLWUR]DPLQRY UDNRWYRUQLK ]D åLYDOL PHGWHPNRVRGRND]LRUDNRWYRUQRVWLSUHKUDQVNLKQLWUDWRYQLWULWRYSULOMXGHK ãH YHGQR SUHãLENL 9 OHWX MH 0HGQDURGQD DJHQFLMD ]D UD]LVNRYDQMH UDND,$5&RGORþLODGDVRQLWULWLYKUDQLSRYH]DQL]YHþMRSRMDYQRVWMRUDND åHORGFD YHQGDU KNUDWL QLWULWH Y KUDQL XYUVWLOD PHG VQRYL NL VR YHUMHWQR UDNRWYRUQH]DOMXGLVNXSLQD$>@
9(8VRQLWULWLLQQLWUDWLYREOLNLQDWULMHYLKDOLNDOLMHYLKVROLGRYROMHQL]DSUL SUDYRPHVQLKL]GHONRYQHNDWHULKVLURYLQYORåHQLKULE=DUDGL]QDQLKNRULVWL LQ WYHJDQM ]D ]GUDYMH VR MLK YHþNUDW REUDYQDYDOL UD]QL ]QDQVWYHQL RGERUL DJHQFLMHLQLQãWLWXWL1MLKRYRVNXSQRSULSRURþLORMHQDMERXSRUDEDQLWULWRYQL WUDWRYþLPPDQMãDVDPRWDNDGDVH]DJRWRYLPLNURELRORãNDYDUQRVWL]GHONRY
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Arome, primer furfurala in arom dima
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LPD YRQM SR PDQGOMLK LQ MH HQD RG NRPSRQHQW DURPH YDQLOMH 6SUYD MH ELO ]DUDGL SRYH]DQRVWL ] LQGXFLUDQMHP EHQLJQLK LQ PDOLJQLK WXPRUMHY MHWHU SUL PLãLKXYUãþHQYNDWHJRULMRQHVSUHMHPOMLYLKDURPDWLþQLKVXEVWDQF>@GHVHW OHWMHNDVQHMHSDVRELOLQDYROMRUH]XOWDWLQRYHMãLKUD]LVNDYPHKDQL]PDGHOR YDQMD NL VR GRND]RYDOL GD MH LQGXNFLMD WXPRUMHY VHNXQGDUQD LQ GD MLP MH ]DWRPRJRþHSRVWDYLWLSUDJXþLQNRYDQMD()6$MHOHWDGRORþLODGDMH VSUHMHPOMLYLGQHYQLYQRV±PJNJWP>@
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Mikotoksini – ohratoksin A
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VSUHPOMDQMH
Mikotoksini – aflatoksini
$IODWRNVLQL VR VNXSLQD PLNRWRNVLQRY NL MLK VSURãþDWD JOLYL YUVW $VSHUJLOOXV
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Akrilamid
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Etilkarbamat
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