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8 Zaključek
Ameriško-filipinski odnosi so bili tekom ameriškega kolonialnega obdobja in tudi še po osamosvojitvi Filipinov precej kompleksna tematika. Posledično naloga ni predstavila vseh vidikov tega odnosa, oziroma kako so zlasti Američani vplivali na Filipine in njihove prebivalce, temveč zgolj najpomembnejše. Kot sem že v uvodu nakazal, lahko te odnose primerjamo kot nekakšen družinski spor, saj so bila obdobja, ko so bili v vojni in obdobja, ko so med tema dvema državama veljali popolnoma prijateljski odnosi.
Ti odnosi se dejansko kažejo tudi v dediščini, ki so jo ZDA pustile na Filipinih in tudi v samem mišljenju Filipincev, ki so v številnih primerih ameriška dejanja videli kot nekaj pozitivnega ter so se po njih zgledovali. Navsezadnje državi povezuje tudi praznik, saj obe praznujeta dan neodvisnosti 4. julija. ZDA so v prvem obdobju svoje kolonialne oblasti na Filipinih to otočje in njihove prebivalce dojemali v precej negativni luči, čeprav je bil marsikateri prebivalec že zelo izobražen. Ta negativni vidik vidimo na primeru poimenovanja Filipincev kot mali rjavi brat in tudi na karikaturah. Svetovna razstava, ki je potekala leta 1904, prav tako ni predstavila razvoja Filipinov, ki so jim ga omogočile prav ZDA, vendar so jih še vedno prikazovali kot nekakšna neizobražena plemena. Ta vidik se je bistveno izboljšal v času guvernerja generala Francisa Burtona Harrisona, ki velja za enega izmed najbolj uspešnih obdobij v sodelovanju med Američani in Filipinci, tudi zaradi vpliva Manuela Quezona, ki ga je imel v Washingtonu.
Daleč največji ameriški vpliv na Filipince je bila angleščina, oziroma njena raba v učilnicah, kar je bil dejansko dvorezen meč. Po eni strani je to dalo Američanom prednost, da so Filipincem dovolili si dati duška pri izražanju njihovih čustev. Po drugi strani pa je angleščina povezala Filipince z Američani v kulturnem, političnem, ekonomskem, vojaškem in v sedanjosti tudi v čustvenem smislu, saj so danes najhitreje rastoča skupina azijskih priseljencev v ZDA. To povezavo je in še vedno zameri manjša filipinska izobražena manjšina, ki mora uporabljati angleščino, da bi izrazila svoj upravičen strah, da je čista filipinska identiteta morda za vedno izgubljena. Tudi konstantno dnevno bombardiranje ameriškega vpliva preko tiska in govora je bilo tudi za militantno levico in komuniste v želji, da bi to presegli, preveč. Praktično vsak Filipinec ima sorodnika v ZDA ali pa pozna koga, ki tam živi. Vsakdo, ki živi na Filipinih, se zaveda dejstva, da je za uspeh doma ali v tujini potrebno znanje angleščine.
Sporno je vprašanje, ali bodo Filipinci čez tisoč let še vedno častili ameriško izobrazbo, kot je v svojem govoru leta 1927 dejal Manual Luis Quezon. Po drugi strani pa nobeden ne more natančno vedeti, kakšna bi bila usoda te otoške države, če se ameriška kolonialna oblast ne bi odločila iti po tej poti.
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9 Viri in literatura
9.1 Elektronski viri
- Library of Congress: Young Filipinos in holiday attire, Manila, Phil. I.
https://www.loc.gov/item/94513442/ (Dostop: maj 2021).
- National Historical Commission of the Philippine: Andres Bonifacio and the
Katipunan. https://nhcp.gov.ph/andres-bonifacio-and-the-katipunan/ (Dostop: marec 2021).
- Official Gazette: Radio Address of President Roxas to the American People on the Eve of the Philippine Independence, July 2, 1946.
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/07/02/radio-address-of-president-roxas-to-the-amircan-people-on-the-eve-of-philippine-indepence-july-2-1946/ (Dostop: maj 2021).
- Official Gazette: Statement of President Roxas on the Cooperation with the United States, July 3, 1946. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1946/07/02/statement-of-president-roxas-on-the-cooperation-with-the-united-states-july-3-1946/ (Dostop: maj 2021).
- Office of the Historian: Address of the President to Congress December 7 1915.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1915/address-of-the-president (Dostop: april 2021).
- Office of the Historian: Document 776, Instructions to the Peace Commissioners.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1898/d776 (Dostop: april 2021).
- Office of the Historian: Document 783, The President to Mr. Day.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1898/d783 (Dostop: april 2021).
- Office of the Historian: File No. 763.72112/4404, The Chargé in the Netherlands (Langhorne) to the Secretary of State.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1917Supp02v02/d249 (Dostop: april 2021).
- Office of the Historian: Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1932, The Far East, Volume IV: Memorandum by the Secretary of State.
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1932v04/d755 (Dostop: maj 2021).
- Rappler: Evolution of the Filipino alphabet.
https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/evolution-filipino-alphabet (Dostop: april 2021).
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- Shenon, Philip: U.S. Will Abandon Volcano-Ravaged Air Base, Manila Is Told.
https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/16/world/us-will-abandon-volcano-ravaged-air-base-manila-is-told.html (Dostop: maj 2021).
- Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center: A Filipino bloodline rooted in St. Louis' human zoo. https://smithsonianapa.org/recollections/taryn-simon-chapter-x/ (Dostop:
maj 2021).
- Supreme Court E-Library: Designating the period from March 27th to April 2nd of each year National Language Week.
https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/7/77471 (Dostop: april 2021).
- The law dictionary: Organic act. https://thelawdictionary.org/organic-act/ (Dostop:
maj 2021).
- Travels (and more) with Cecilia Brainard: Philippine History: Who Were the Thomasites. https://cbrainard.blogspot.com/2016/04/philippines-history-who-were-thomasites.html (Dostop: maj 2021).
- United States House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives, The Philippines, 1898–1946. https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/APA/Historical-Essays/Exclusion-and-Empire/The-Philippines/ (Dostop: april 2021).
- United States House of Representatives: Manuel Quezon and Governor General Harrison in Manila Postcard. https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/2014/2014-147-000/ (Dostop: april 2021).
- United States House of Representatives: Philippine President Elpidio Quirino Addresses the House of Representatives.
https://history.house.gov/Collection/Listing/PA2015/PA2015-04-0034/ (Dostop: maj 2021).
- United States House of Representatives: Philippine Resident Commissioner Takes Oath. https://history.house.gov/Collection/Detail/15032449874 (Dostop: april 2021).
- U.S. National Archives: A Burden That Cannot Be Honorably Disposed of at Present.
https://nara.getarchive.net/media/a-burden-that-cannot-be-honorably-disposed-of-at-present-540ab6. (Dostop: april 2021).
- U.S. National Archives: The Philippine Situation.
https://nara.getarchive.net/media/the-philippine-situation-fb0922 (Dostop: april 2021).
- World History Commons: Excerpt from Aguinaldo’s Case Against The United States.
https://worldhistorycommons.org/node/2400 (Dostop: april 2021).
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9.2 Literatura
- Beadles, John A. »The Debate in the United States Concerning Philippine Independence, 1912-1916.« Philippine Studies 16/3 (1968), 421-441.
- Berryman, Clifford K. America and the World: Foreign Affairs in Political Cartoons, 1898-1940: Featuring Drawings by Clifford K. Berryman. Washington: National Archives, 2018.
- Bonus, Rick. Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space.
Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.
- Boquet, Yves. The Philippine Archipelago. New York: Springer International Publishing, 2017.
- Dolan, Ronald E. Philippines: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1993.
- Fernandez, Leandro H. The Philippine Republic. New York: Columbia University, 1926.
- Gaillard, J. C., Ilan Kelman in Florina Orillos. »US-Philippines Military Relations After the Mt Pinatubo Eruption in 1991.« European Journal of East Asian Studies 8/2 (2009), 301-330.
- Lande, Carl H. »The Philippines and the United States.« Philippine Studies 49/4 (2001), 518-539.
- Leifer, Michael. Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia, 1st edition.
London: Routledge, 1995.
- Karnow, Stanley. In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines. New York:
Ballantine Books, 1989.
- Kessler, Richard J. »Marcos and the Americans.« Foreign Policy, 63 (1986), 40-57.
- McElhinny, Bonnie. »Kissing a Baby Is Not at All Good for Him: Infant Mortality, Medicine, and Colonial Modernity in the U.S.-Occupied Philippines.« American Anthropologist 107/2 (2005), 183-94.
- Onorato, Michael Paul. »United States influences in the Philippines.« Journal of Third World Studies 4/2 (1987), 22-26.
- Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm. The United States and the Philippines, a study of neocolonialism. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1981.
- Smith, Pauline Crumb. »A Basic Problem in Philippine Education.« The Far Eastern Quarterly 4/2 (1945), 140-147.
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- Taylor, John R. M. The Philippine insurrection against the United States: a compilation of documents with notes and introduction. Pasay City: Eugenio Lopez Foundation, 1971.
- Zimmerman, Jonathan. Innocents Abroad: American Teachers in the American Century. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2008.