Zgodovina slovenske ilustracije

ZGODNJE OBDOBJE

6ORYHQVNDLOXVWUDFLMDYSUDYHPSRPHQXEHVHGHVHMHSRMDYLODãHOHYVWROHWMX9(YURSLVWD VH WLVN LQ NQMLåQD LOXVWUDFLMD UD]ãLULOL ]DUDGL UHIRUPDFLMH LQ EUDQMD ELEOLMH Y VWROetju, Trubarjeva Abecednik in Katekizem iz leta 1550 pa sta vsebovala lesorezne ilustracije QH]QDQHJD QHPãNHJD DYWRUMD L] VWROHWMDZ lesorezi ilustrirana je bila tudi Dalmatinova ELEOLMDL]OHWDNL SROHJRNUDVQLK LQLFLDOYVHEXMHãHSUHNRGYHVWRprizorov, povzetih po ]QDPHQLWLZLWWHQEHUãNLELEOLML

-DQH]9DMNDUG9DOYD]RUNUDQMVNLSOHPLþXþHQMDNLQDYWRU6ODYH9RMYRGLQH.UDQMVNHMHELOY 17. stoletju tudi pobudnik ilustracije pri nas. V svojem gradu pri Litiji je ustanovil pravo tiskarsko delavniFR EDNURUH]FH SD MH QDMHPDO L] WXMLQH NHU MLK WDNUDW SUL QDV ãH QL ELOR 9 µ6ODYL¶MHQDWLVQMHQLKNDU533 bakrorezov, podob in zemljevidov (Komadina 2009) in je SUYD ]ELUNDSRGRENUDMLQVNLKERWDQLþQLKLQPLWRORãNLKPRWLYRY

V 19. stoletju so se stvari JOHGH LOXVWUDFLMH ]DþHOH SRþDVL SUHPLNDWL ãHOH Y GUXJL SRORYLFL 7DNUDWQLYRGLOQLVOLNDUML90HQW]LQJHU)-HORYãHN)%HUJDQW$&HEHMVH]JUDILNRNLMH HGHQ JODYQLK SRJRMHY ]D UD]YRM NQMLåQH LOXVWUDFLMH QLVR XNYDUMDOL PHGWHP NR MH XPHWQLãND graILNDY(YURSLFYHWHOD0HGSRPHPEQHXVWYDUMDOFHXPHWQLãNHJUDILNHVLFHUXYUãþDPR/RYUD -DQãR NL SD MH GHORYDO Y WXMLQL LQ QD UD]YRM SUL QDV QL YSOLYDO 2EVWDMDOL VR WXGL GRPDþL YUH]RYDOFLYHQGDUVRELOLYJODYQHPREUWQLNLNLVRL]GHORYDOLERåMHSRGRELFe.

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6ORYHQVNLEUDOFLVRYWHPþDVXEUDOLLOXVWULUDQHQHPãNHNQMLJHLQUHYLMHVORYHQVNLVR]DþHOL L]KDMDWL ãHOH SR OHWX OLWHUDWXUD SD MH ELOD Y JODYQHP SUHYRGQD LQ ] PRUDOQR SRXþQR vsebino. Ko se je v 2. polovici 19. stoletja slovensko leposlovje lH ]DþHOR UD]YLMDWL VH LOXVWUDFLMH ãH QLVR- ELOH VR LGLOLþQH LQ YSUDãOMLYH NDNRYRVWL RþLWHQ SD MH ELO YSOLY 'UHUMD ]DUDGLSRYH]DY]$YVWULMRLQ1HPþLMR

3UYLSULVHOMHQLSULãHOMH]1DSROHRQRYRYRMVNRLOXVWUDWRUEHVHGLOMHELOYVWROHWMX0DUNR

&KDUOOHVRUH]QHLOXVWUDFLMH.ULåHYSRW=DVORYHQVNHRGUDVOHEUDOFHSRVYHWQHOLWHUDWXUH pa je bil ob koncu stoletja zanimiv avstrijski slikar Adolf Karpellus (1869-1919) kot ilustrator 3UHãHUQRYLK3RH]LM´SUDYL3UHJO.REHWRYD3UHJO.REH), ki hkrati poudarja vlogo PHQWRUMHY ]DãþLWQLNRY XUHGQLNRY LQ ]DORåQLNRY SUL L]ELUL LOXVWUDWRUMHY ]D GRORþHQR GHOR

³0HG VORYHQVNLPL ]DORåQLNL NL VR LPHOL YHþLQRPD VYRMH VWDOQH LOXVWUDWRUMH MH ELO L]MHPD ]DORåQLN/DYRVODY6FKZHQWQHUL]/MXEOMDQHNLMHPODGLPRPRJRþDOVDPRVWRMQRLOXVWULUDQMHLQ RSUHPOMDQMHQMHJRYLKNQMLåQLKL]GDM´

3UYH VORYHQVNH LOXVWULUDQH NQMLJH ]D RWURNH VR VH SRMDYLOH SR VUHGLQL VWROHWMD ]DORåQLN -DQH] *LRQWLQL MH L]GDO VHULMR HQRWQR REOLNRYDQLK LOXVWULUDQLK SUDYOMLF QDMYHþkrat celo v barvah. 7XGL VLFHU VR ELOH ]D Y]GXãMH ³NRQFD VWROHWMD´ ]QDþLOQH LOXVWUDFLMH ] QDGLKRP SUDYOMLþQRVWL ³3UYLQH LOXVWUDFLM ]D PODGLQVNR NQMLåHYQRVW QDMGHPR Y YHþHUQLFDK VWYDUQLK NQMLJDKRåLYDOLKLOXVWULUDQLKNROHGDUMLK´SLãH%ODåLþHYD%ODåLü ³]DRGUDVOHSDY SUDWLNDKLQNROHGDUMLK´

³'R SUYLK VORYHQVNLK XPHWQLãNLK LOXVWUDFLM NL VWD MLK XVWYDULOD EUDWD âXELF Y JODYQHP JRYRULPRRURNRGHOVNLKL]GHONLKNLVRãHSRYVHPSRGYSOLYRPLOXVWUDWRUMHYVRVHGQLKGHåHO´

(Pregl Kobe 2005: 3) SROHJWHJDSDMHELOWRWXGLþDV³UHGNLKQHQDERåQLKLOXVWUDFLMRGGUXJH SRORYLFHVWROHWMDGDOMH]DNDWHUHVRVL SUL]DGHYDOL]ODVWL NQMLåHYQLNL´.RPHOM GRNOHU VH QL OHWD ]JRGLO /HYVWLNRY 0DUWLQ .USDQ ] LOXVWUDWRUMHP -XULMHP âXELFHP (ohUDQMHQH VR VDPR VNLFH LQ SRVWDO SUHORPHQ PHMQLN ]D VORYHQVNR LOXVWUDFLMR NL MH V WHP SRVWDOD]DUHVVORYHQVNDLQSRPHPEQD%UDWD-XULMLQ-DQH]âXELFVWDVLFHUYWXMLQLULVDOD]DWXMH ]DORåQLNH LQ XVWYDULOD RJURPQR PDWHULDOD ]D NQMLJH LQ þDVRSLVH ³RKUDQMDOD SD VWD VWLN ] UHVQLþQRVWMRGRPDNPHþNLPåLYOMHQMHP6ORYHQFDLQ]OLWHUDWXURNLMHRWHPåLYOMHQMXSLVDOD´

.RPDGLQDNDUSRPHQLGDVWDGHODODWXGL]DWXNDMãQMHþDVRSLVHQSU6WULWDUMHYOLWHUDUQL þDVRSLV=YRQ

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9þDVXãRODQMDVRLOXVWULUDOLWXGLQDãLLPSUHVLRQLVWL0DWHM6WHUQHQ,YDQ*URKDULQ0DWLMD-DPD SUHGYVHPYGXKXDNDGHPVNHJDUHDOL]PDâHSRVHEHM-DPDMHNDVQHMHLOXVWULUDOãWHYLOQHNQMLJH PHG GUXJLP WXGL YHþ &DQNDUMHYLK NL MH ELO QDG QMHJRYLP GHORP QDYGXãHQ 9 QMHJRYLK ilustratorsNLKGHOLKVHPHãDMRHOHPHQWLUHDOL]PDSODQHUL]PDLQVHFHVLMH3HVPL6LPRQD-HQND SDMHLOXVWULUDOD,YDQD.RELOLFD9WLVWHPþDVXVHMH]JRGLORGDMH]DORåQLNYþDVLKLVWH YLQMHWH LOXVWUDFLMH XSRUDELO ãH ]D NDNãQR GUXJR NQMLJR LQ ³V WHP MH SRVWDOR RþLWQR GD MH slovenski knjigi manjkala individualnost- SUHKRG L] ãDEORQVNH GHNRUDFLMH QD DYWRUVNH LOXVWUDFLMHMHELOSRVWRSHQ´.RPDGLQD .OMXE WHPXVRVH]DORåQLNL YWHPþDVXåH SRVYHþDOLQDVORYQLFLNQMLJHNRWVUHGVWYX]DSULWHJQLWHYEUDOFHY

VESNA

=DþHWHN VWROHWMD MH ELO þDV NR VR Y DYVWUR-RJUVNL PRQDUKLML SRWHNDOL YVH EROM ]DRVWUHQL QDFLRQDOQL ERML LQ VORYDQVNL QDURGL VR ]DKWHYDOL SROLWLþQH VYRERãþLQH WHU NXOWXUQR LQ nacionalno samostojnost.

/HWD MH ELOR QD 'XQDMX ] JHVORP ª,] QDURGD ]D QDURG© XVWDQRYOMHQR GUXãWYR 9HVQD, NDWHUHJDþODQLVRELOLVNXSLQDXVWYDUMDOQLKVORYHQVNLKLQKUYDãNLKGLMDNRYNLVRWDPãWXGLUDOL QDXPHWQRVWQLDNDGHPLMLLQXPHWQRREUWQLãROL

Tako so Slovenci RGNULYDOL OMXGVNR L]URþLOR ± z URPDQWLþQLPL LGLOLþQLPL KXPRUQLPL D WXGL VUHGQMHYHãNRVUKOMLYLPLXSRGRELWYDPLVORYHQVNLKSULSRYHGNLQEDMNNLVRMLKNDNRYRVWQRLQ]D WLVWL þDV VRGREQR UHDOL]LUDOL VOLNDUML ]EUDQL Y NOXEX 9HVQDBorili naj bi se za vsebinsko osamosvojitev slovenske umetnosti pred tXMLPLSUHGYVHPQHPãNLPLYSOLYLLQ]DXVWDQRYLWHY SUDYHVORYHQVNHXPHWQRVWLSULWHPSDYNOMXþLWLIRONORUQRL]URþLORGRPDþHGHåHOH1DGXQDMVNL DNDGHPLML VR VH ãRODOL VLFHU Y UHDOLVWLþQHP GXKX YHQGDU VR L]KDMDOL L] GXQDMVNH VHFHVLMH ] linijami, dekorativnostjo in ornamenti, ki so posnemali ljudske prizore, okrog leta 1910 pa so VH YUQLOL N URPDQWLþQR REDUYDQHP UHDOL]PX ] HOHPHQWL VHFHVLMH DOL NRW JD MH SRLPHQRYDOD 7DWMDQD 3UHJO .REH N ³SUHVWLOL]LUDQHP UHDOL]PX´ .RPDGLQD 'UXãWYR MH RE ustDQRYLWYLãWHORþODQRYYHQGDUVHMHPRUDOD]DUDGLVODELKILQDQþQLKUD]PHUYHþLQDNPDOX YUQLWL Y GRPRYLQR *ODYQD LPHQD WHJD GUXãWYD VR ELOD ,YDQ 9DYSRWLþ 6DãD âDQWHO *YLGRQ

%LUUROD 0DNVLP *DVSDUL LQ +LQNR 6PUHNDU LQ OHWD SR RGKRGX âDQWOD 6mrekarja in

*DVSDULMD Y 0QFKHQ MH GUXãWYR ]DþHOR UD]SDGDWL %LOL VR LVWRþDVQLãNL VSUHPOMHYDOFL

³µQHOLWHUDUQLK¶LPSUHVLRQLVWRY´NRWMLKMHR]QDþLO.RPHOM.RPHOM

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9HVQDQL VR ]D YVDNR QDURþLOR SULUHGLOL QDWHþDM LQ ]PDJRYDOHF MH ELO WLVWL NL MH RSUDYLO GHOR 3ROHJLOXVWUDFLMHVRVHXNYDUMDOLWXGL]REOLNRYDQMHPNQMLJþDVRSLVRYUD]JOHGQLFSODNDWRY]

JOHGDOLãNLPL VFHQRJUDILMDPL 5D]OLþQL DYWRUML RFHQMXMHMR SULKRG ³YHVQDQRY´ NRW ]DþHWHN razcveta slovenske ilustracije. Prva slovenska knjiga pravljic za otroke z originalnimi slovenskimi ilustracijami so bile Pravljice )UDQD0LOLþLQVNHJDNQMLJRVWD ilustrirala sta MR*YLGRQ%LUURODLQ0DNVLP*DVSDUL]DORåLOSD]DORåQLN6FKZDQWQHUQD&DQNDUMHYRSREXGR (Komadina 2009: 11). Istega leta je ,YDQ 9DYSRWLþ LOXVWULUDO -XUþLþHYHJD 'HVHWHJD EUDWD OH PDORNDVQHMHãH+LQNR 6PUHNDUãHGDQHVGRVHJOMLYHJD0DUWLQD.USDQD.ULWLNDYHVQDQRP sicer ni bila naklonjena, so pa bile njihove ilustracije zelo priljubljene med bralci.

20. STOLETJE

Ilustracije Y PODGLQVNLK EHVHGLOLK VR VH SRMDYLOH Y SUYL SRORYLFL VWROHWMD ³NR VR ELOL L]SROQMHQL SRJRML ]D UD]YRM PODGLQVNH NQMLåHYQRVWL QRYR SRMPRYDQMH RWURND LQ RWURãWYD QDVWDQHNãROVWYDLQUD]YRMSULPHUQHJDOHSRVORYMD´%ODåLü]/HYVWLNRP6WULWDrjem LQäXSDQþLþHP

³9 REGREMX PHG REHPD YRMQDPD MH QD 6ORYHQVNHP L]ãOR NQMLJ R]LURPD NQMLåQLK SXEOLNDFLM RG WHJD WUHWMLQD OHSRVORYQLK VHYHGD PQRJR SUHYRGRY 7XGL ]DUDGL WUåQLK zakonitosti so bile mnoge bogato ilustrirane, dopolnjene z vinjetami ali vsaj z ilustrirano RSUHPR QDVORYQH VWUDQL´ SLãH SUHJO .REHWRYD 3UHJO .REH LQ L]SRVWDYOMD EUDWD .UDOM LQ 0DUWLQD .USDQD NRW ]DþHWQLND QRYH GREH ³3R SUYL VYHWRYQL YRMQL VR QRYH REOLNH YþDVLK RUJDQVNR ]YH]DQH ] OLNRYQR L]ULVDQLP EHVHGLORP YQHVOL GLQDPLþQL )UDQFH .UDOM V .UDOMHP0DWMDåHP DOLSRHWLþQL-DNDFLQ]DQMLPD3LUQDWSRYRMQLSDMHSULãORGRUD]PDKD]

XPHWQLNLNRWVRELOL]ODVWL3UHJHOMIDQWDVWLþQL0LKHOLþLQãHNGR´.RPHOM9REGREMX PHG REHPD YRMQDPD MH N QDP SULãHO QRY YDO VYRMHYUVWQHJD OLNRYQHJD L]UD]D NL MH PRþQR RGUDåDO QDVSURWRYDQMH YHGQR EROM SRNYDUMHQHPX VYHWX LQ SUHåLYHWLP LGHDORP- WR MH ELO þDV predstavnikov slovenskega ekspresionizma. Ivan Pregelj, Fran Tratnik, France in Tone Kralj, 9HQR 3LORQ %RåLGDU -DNDF LQ GUXJL VR XVWDQRYLOL .OXE PODGLK 1DVOHGQMD JHQHUDFLMD XPHWQLNRY ãRODQD Y =DJUHEX MH ]DYUDþDOD QDþHOD NL VR MLP VOHGLOH SUHMãQMH JHQHUDFLMH YH]

PHG REHPD SD VWD SUHGVWDYOMDOD 0LKD 0DOHã ] UD]OLþQLPL JUDILþQLPL WHKQLNDPL LQ 1LNRODM Pirnat (avtor L]MHPQLK LOXVWUDFLM ]D &HUYDQWH]RYHJD 'RQ .LKRWD L] OHWD 6RFLDOQR NULWLþQR VR ELOL XVPHUMHQL WXGL SUHGVWDYQLNL QHRGYLVQLK 0DNVLP 6HGHM LQ )UDQFH 0LKHOLþ

³.QMLJH ] LOXVWUDFLMDPL WHK XPHWQLNRY VR ãH YHGQR Y KUDPEL NQMLåQLF LQ MLK MH YUHGQR predstDYOMDWL GDQDãQML PODGLQL WDNR ]DUDGL NDNRYRVWQLK RþDUOMLYR VWDULQVNLK SRGRE NRW WXGL

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]DUDGL EHVHGLO VORYHQVNLK DYWRUMHY NL GDQHV YHOMDMR ]D NODVLNH VORYHQVNH NQMLåHYQRVWL´

(Krivec Dragan 2009: 72)

Ko se je po prvi svetovni vojni slovenska likovna umetQRVWRVYREDMDODQHPãNLKYSOLYRYLQVH QDYH]RYDODQDHYURSVNRNXOWXUQRVUHGLãþHY3DUL]XMHWXGLLOXVWUDFLMDNUHQLODSRWHMSRWL.RMH bila Slovencem v sestavu Jugoslavije v drugi svetovni vojni izborjena nacionalna samostojnost, je to v sklopu slovenske NXOWXUH Y]JRMH LQ L]REUDåHYDQMD RPRJRþLOR L]MHPHQ UD]PDKNQMLåQHLOXVWUDFLMH3UHJO.REH

9HGQREROMMHSRVWDMDODSRPHPEQD]XQDQMDSRGREDNQMLJH=DORåEHVRVLYVHEROMSUL]DGHYDOH pritegniti bralce in pri oblikovanju knjig za otroke in mladino ter posebej slikanic so prav LOXVWUDWRUML GRVHJOL QDMGU]QHMãH OLNRYQH UHãLWYH WXGL Y KNUDWQLK OLNRYQLK RSUHPDK 2SUHPR NQMLJWRUHMREOLNRYDQMHSDVWDPHGYRMQDPDYHþNUDWXVWYDULODWXGLDUKLWHNWD-RåH3OHþQLNLQ ,YDQ9XUQLN V VYRMLPL XþHQFL 6ORYHQFL VR VLFHU ãHOH Y REGREMX PHG REHPD YRMQDPD GRELOL ODVWQHNOLãDUQHNLVR]HORSRVSHãLOHQDSUHGHNVORYHQVNHNQMLåQHRSUHPH

3DUWL]DQVND JUDILND LQ NQMLåQD LOXVWUDFLMD VWD ãH SR YRMQL VOHGLOL VRFLDOLVWLþQHPX UHDOL]PX REOLNRYDQHPX ] PRþQLP RVHEQLP OLNRYQLP L]UD]RP 3RYHþDOR VH MH ãWHYLOR SRNOLFQLK LOXVWUDWRUMHYNLMLPQLELORYHþSRWUHEQRãRODQMHYWXMLQLWHPYHþVRVHREOLNRYDOLQDWDNRMSR YRMQL XVWDQRYOMHQL OMXEOMDQVNL $NDGHPLML ]D OLNRYQR XPHWQRVW äH PHG YRMQR MH L]KDMDO PODGLQVNL PHVHþQLN 3LRQLU LQ ] 0ODGLQR, Cicibanom, Pionirskim listom (danes Pil), .XULUþNRP LQ GUXJLPL þDVRSLVL ãLULO OLWHUDUQR-likovno kulturo med mladimi. Za hiter razvoj LOXVWUDFLMH MH ELOD SRPHPEQD WXGL QRYRXVWDQRYOMHQD ]DORåED 0ODGLQVND NQMLJD NL VH MH V strokovnim pristopom in gradnjo tLVNDUQHUD]YLODYPRþQR]DORåQLãNRKLãRLQ]DþHODL]GDMDWL WXGLQDMEROM]QDQL]ELUNL]DRWURNHýHEHOLFDLQ9HOLNHVOLNDQLFH³9LQOHWLKVRãWHYLOQH GUåDYH]DþHOHGRELYDWLGHQDURGVYRMLKYODGGDELL]EROMãDOHVWDWXVRWURãNHOLWHUDWXUH´&RWWRQ NDU VH MH SR]QDOR QD YHþML SURGXNFLML 3RVWRSRPD SD VR VH LOXVWUDFLMH YVH EROM omejile na dela za mladino in otroke. (Komelj 1993: 3)

äHNPDOXSRGUXJLVYHWRYQLYRMQLVRQDVWRSLOHLOXVWUDWRUNHNLMLKLPHQXMHPRSUDYOMLþDUNHLQ MLK GDQHV SULãWHYDPR PHG NODVLNH 9VH VR ELOH VOLNDUNH XVWYDUMDOH SD VR SUHGYVHP NQMLåQH LOXVWUDFLMH³3RPHQQMLKRYHJDGHODQLVDPRYL]YLUQRVWLLQNDNRYRVWLXSRGRELWHYXQLYHU]DOQLK SUDYOMLF DOL OLWHUDUQLK GHO QMLKRYLK VRGREQLNRY LQ VRGREQLF V SRGURþMD RWURãNH LQ PODGLQVNH OLWHUDWXUHWHPYHþWXGLYXSRUDELDNWXDOQHJDOLNRYQHJDL]UDåDQMD´.ULYHF'UDJDQ 7R VR ELOH 0DUOHQND 6WXSLFD 5GHþD .DSLFD 6QHJXOMþLFD 3DOþLFD *UGL UDþHN $QþND

*RãQLN *RGHF 6ORYHQVNH OMXGVNH SUDYOMLFH 0XFD &RSDWDULFD =HOLãþD PDOH þDURYQLFH

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0DUMDQFD -HPHF %RåLþ -XUL 0XUL Y$IULNL 1DQD PDOD RSLFD .RWLþHN QD NRQFX VYHWD , /LGLMD 2VWHUF %LED EXED EDMD %HOD PDþLFD 5RåD 3LãþDQHF .GR MH QDSUDYLO 9LGNX VUDMþLFR 0DULþND .RUHQ .HNþHYH ]JRGEH NDVQHMH ãH -HOND 5HLFKPDQ 3LNL -DNRE 0DþHN0XUL

.DM SDNRQNUHWQHQRYRVWL YQDþLQX XSRGDEOMDQMD".QMLåQDLOXVWUDFLMDMHELODYWHPþDVXWXGL ]DUDGL OLWHUDUQLKEHVHGLOãHGRNDM YH]DQDQDUHDOL]HP YHQGDUVL MHSULLOXVWUDFLMDKSRH]LMHLQ drugegDSULSRYHGQLãWYDWDNR]DRGUDVOHNRW]DRWURNHGRYROLODåHYHþVYRERGH3RMDYLOHVRVH HNVSUHVLRQLVWLþHQH GHIRUPDFLMH REOLN LQ WUDQVIRUPDFLMH EDUYH SRVNXVL JHRPHWUL]LUDQM LQ NXELþQR SRHQRVWDYOMDQMH REOLN WHU FHOR QDGUHDOL]HP ³9 VOLNDQLFDK SD VR ELOH ]DUDdi UD]XPOMLYRVWL RWURNRP QDMEROMH VSUHMHWH SULPLWLYLVWLþQH OLNRYQH SRHQRVWDYLWYH L]KDMDMRþH ] OMXGVNH XPHWQRVWL WXGL QDLYQH SUHGYVHP SD L] RWURãNHJD QDþLQD GRMHPDQMD LQ XVWYDUMDQMD ULVE´3UHJO.REH9ãHVWGHVHWLKOHWLKVHMHUD]ãLULOQRYQDþLQ oblikovanja prostora in SUDYLOQL SHUVSHNWLYD LQ NRPSR]LFLMD QLVWD ELOL YHþ SUDYLOR 9 UD]FYHWX PODGLQVNH LQ RWURãNH LOXVWUDFLMHVRYVHGHPGHVHWLKOHWLKSUHYODGRYDOHVWLOL]LUDQHLQOHSHILJXUHSUHFL]QRGRPLãOMHQH EDUYQR L]þLãþHQH LQ GR SRWDQNRVWL REGHODQH .RPSR]LFLMH VR ELOH VYRERGQHMãH WHKQLND UHSURGXFLUDQMD SD VH MH åH WDNR UD]YLOD GD IRUPDW LQ EDUYH QLVR ELOH YHþ SUREOHPDWLþQH 2VHPGHVHWDLQGHYHWGHVHWDOHWDVRELODY]QDPHQMXHNVSHULPHQWRYPODMãLKLOXVWUDWRUMHYNLVR YQDãDOLSUHVHQHþHQMDVWULSRYVNRGLQDPLþQRVWLQ]DQLPLYHGUXJDþQRVWL ³.PDOXVRVRþDVQRV VYHWRPDOLOH]UDKOR]DPXGRWXGLYQDãLKNQMLJDUQDKSUHYODGRYDODJUGDYVDMUDKORNDULNLUDQD ELWMD]GUXJDþHSULYODþQLPLXþLQNLYVHNDNRUSDOHUHGNRRGELMDMRþD³3UHJO.REH Med starejãH LOXVWUDWRUMH NL VR ]DþHOL VYRMR SRW åH PHG YRMQR ãWHMHPR ,YD âXELFD -DQH]D 9LGLFD ,YD 6HOMDND ± ýRSLþD 9ODGLPLUMD /D]RYLþD LQ -RåHWD &LXKR 9 GUXJL VNXSLQL VR LOXVWUDWRUMLNLVR]DþHOLXVWYDUMDWLYSRYRMQHPREGREMX0LODQ%L]RYLþDUâWHIDQ3ODQLQF-RåH

&LXKD 0LNL 0XVWHU ýDVRYQR WHP VOHGL VODYQD VNXSLQD SUDYOMLþDUN LQ ³ãHOH ] LOXVWUDFLMDPL .RVWMH *DWQLND 0DUMDQD 0DQþND 0DWMDåD 6FKPLGWD WHU 0LODQD (ULþD LQ =YRQND ýRKD VH REOLNXMH LQWHUSUHWDFLMD NL SRPHQL SDQGDQ SUDYOMLþDUNDP SUHGYVHP Y KXPRUQLK YþDVLK åH SREDOLQVNLKGRPLVOLFDKLQNDULNLUDQLKOLNLKNLXSRãWHYDMRL]NXãQMRQRYHJDPHGLMDSRSXODUQH NXOWXUH ± VWULSD LQ DQLPLUDQHJD ILOPD ULVDQN´ .ULYHF 'UDJDQ 1DVOHGQMR JHQHUDFLMRDYWRULF±0DULMR/XFLMR6WXSLFR.DPLOR9ROþDQãHN$OHQNR6RWWOHULQ-HONR*RGHF 6FKPLGW ± MH NOMXE YHOLNLP PHGVHERMQLP UD]OLNDP GHO VWURNRYQH MDYQRVWL VNXãDO SRYH]DWL SUHGYVHP ]DUDGL SRGREQHJD SULVWRSD L]KDMDQMD L] WUDGLFLRQDOQHJD SULSRYHGQLãWYD LQ MLK REHQHP WXGL QD WD QDþLQ UD]OLNRYDWL RG GUXJDþQHJD VYHWD NL VR JD Y LOXVWUDFLMR YQDãDOL

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YHþLQRPD QMLKRYL PRãNL NROHJL ³1HNMH YPHV GHOXMHMR 5XGL 6NRþLU ] PRQXPHQWDOQLPL QD UHDOLVWLþQL RVQRYL ]JUDMHQLPL OLNL NL MLP SRVHEHM XVWUH]D VORYHQVNR OMXGVNR L]URþLOR OLULþQD 'DQLHO'HPãDULQ'XãDQ0XFWHU0RMFD&HUMDN%ROMSROXWNDK]QDQL6LOYDQ2PHU]XMHPHG YVHPL QDMEROM DUKDLþHQ ODKNR EL UHNOL GD þUSD L] DUKHWLSRY JURWHVNQLK PDVN LQ SUHSURVWH ULVEH´.ULYHF'UDJDQ-73)

0ODMãLLQPDQMPODGLVRGREQLLOXVWUDWRUMLGDQHVXVSHãQRQDGDOMXMHMR tradicijo, hkrati pa novimi SULVWRSL ]DJRWDYOMDMR SRWUHEQR VYHåLQR WHU WHPH LQ PRWLYH KNUDWL SD YHUMDPHP WXGL LãþHMR QRYH SRWL LQ FHOR HNVSHULPHQWLUDMR LãþHMR ,PDMR QDPUHþ RGJRYRUQR QDORJR SRND]DWL LPDJLQDUQL VYHW SUHåHW V VHGDQMRVWMR GDQDãQMLP URdovom in ga takega zapustiti tudi za prihodnje.

-XGLWD .ULYHF 'UDJDQ PHG PODMãLPL SD åH WL SRþDVL SRVWDMDMR YVDM VUHGQMD JHQHUDFLMD NL ML VOHGLMR ãH YVDM µPODGL¶ LQ µþLVWR QRYL¶ QDãWHYD QHNDM GDQHV QDMEROM GHMDYQLK LQ ]QDQLK LOXVWUDWRUMHY ³SUHGYVHP ]DUDGL SUHPLNRY NL VR MLK V VYRMLPL SULVWRSL YQHVOL Y VRGREQR VORYHQVNR LOXVWUDFLMR´ .ULYHF 'UDJDQ *RUD]G9DKHQ ³] GRPLVHOQLP YSOHWDQMHP SUHGPHWRYL]YVDNGDQMHVWYDUQRVWLYWUDGLFLRQDOQLSUDYOMLþQLVYHW´6X]L%ULFHOM³VILOPVNLP kadriranjem OLNRYQH SRGREH´ 'DPLMDQ 6WHSDQþLþ LQ /LOD 3UDS ³] OLNRYQR SUHPLãOMHQLP SULSRYHGRYDQMHPVNR]LERJDWH]QDNRYQHVLPEROH´$UMDQ3UHJO3HWHUâNHUOLQ$QD=DYDGODY

³NL VH Y QDþLQX LQWHUSUHWLUDQMD EHVHGLO QDYH]XMHMR QD SUHSURVWR D VSRURþLOQR MDVQR RWURãNR ULVER´0RMFD2VRMQLN3RORQD/RYãLQ.ULVWLQD.UKLQ0DãD.R]MHN6YMHWODQ-XQDNRYLüLQ drugi.

³6ORYHQVND LOXVWUDFLMD VH NDåH NRW SRYVHP VNOHQMHQ SURFHV SUL NDWHUHP VH GRORþHQH ]QDþLOQRVWL LQ ]DNRQLWRVWL SRMDYOMDMR QD YVH YLãML UDYQL SULPHUQR þDsu, ki jih obdaja. Smeri VRGREQHOLNRYQHXVWYDUMDOQRVWLWXGLGDQHVOHVWHåNDSURQLFDMRYL]UD]QRVWNQMLåQLKLOXVWUDFLM´

(Pregl Kobe 2005: 3)

3UREOHPNLJDL]SRVWDYOMDMRUD]OLþQLSLVFLRVORYHQVNLLOXVWUDFLMLMHSRPDQMNDQMHUHVQHOLNRYQH kritike na tem poGURþMX³96ORYHQLMLMHELODLOXVWUDFLMDYSUHWHNORVWLGHOHåQDPDQMSR]RUQRVWL XPHWQRVWQLK]JRGRYLQDUMHYLQOLNRYQLKNULWLNRYNRWGUXJDSRGURþMDOLNRYQHXPHWQRVWLYHQGDU VR ]DQMR VNUEHOL SRVDPH]QL ]DORåQLNL NL VR VH MLP NDVQHMH SULGUXåLOL WXGL XPHWQLNL V WHJD SRGURþMDLQJDOHULMH´SUDYL.ULYHF'UDJDQRYD.ULYHF'UDJDQGHOQRVHSRGURþMH YVHHQR RVYHåXMH ] QHNDWHULPL QDJUDGDPL ]D LOXVWUDFLMR /HYVWLNRYD ]D QDMEROMãR L]YLUQR

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VOLNDQLFR]ODWHKUXãNHELHQDOLLQQRYHMãLPLREOLNDPLSUHGVWDYLWHv in pojavljanji v javnosti ]GDMYGRELUD]OLþQLKGUXåDEQLKRPUHåLMLQGLJLWDOQLKPHGLMHY

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