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(Programme for International Student Assessment).
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9 WHP SULVSHYNX EL UDGL L]SRVWDYLOL SUYR NOMXÏQR NRPSHWHQFR L]PHG RVPLK QDYHGHQLK Y 3ULSRURÏLOX WR MH VSRUD]XPHYDQMH Y PDWHULQģÏLQL Y QDģHP SURVWRUX MH WR ]D YHÏLQR XÏHQFHY Y IRUPDOQHP L]REUDŀHYDQMX VSRUD]XPHYDQMH Y VORYHQģÏLQL 2E XGHMDQMDQMX WH NOMXÏQH NRPSHWHQFH SRVDPH]QLNL]JUDGLVYRMRVSRUD]XPHYDOQR]PRŀQRVWYVORYHQģÏLQLNLPX RPRJRÏDYUD]OLÏQLKGLVNXU]LKXÏLQNRYLWRVSRUD]XPHYDQMHQDYVHKSRGURÏMLK njegovega delovanja.
24
6325$=80(9$/1$=02ľ1267ɏ./-8Í1$
KOMPETENCA
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V pedagoškem diskurzu je pomembnejše drugo razumevanje kompetenc:
ko lahko opazujemo stopnje abstrakcije in kompleksnosti, gre za »razvoj YLģMLKQRWUDQMLKPRÏLR]LURPD]PRŀQRVWLÏORYHNDmLELG3UDYWDNRSDQH JUH]DQHPDULWLSUYHJDQDÏLQDUD]XPHYDQMDQDQDģDVHQDSRWUHEHGUXŀEH NL SRVUHGQR YSOLYDMR QD SHGDJRģNL GLVNXU] Y L]REUDŀHYDQMX =DY]HPD VH ]D VLQHUJLÏQR SRYH]RYDQMH REHK UD]VHŀQRVWL Ȃ GUXŀEHQH UHOHYDQWQRVWL LQ psihološke kompleksnosti, »to je morda tista srednja pot, ki zadovolji tako HNRQRPLMR LQ SUDNWLÏQH SRWUHEH SRVDPH]QLND NRW WXGL GXKRYQH SRWUHEH SRVDPH]QLNDmLELG
26
9 3ULSRURÏLOX ]DVOHGLPR Y SRVHEQHP UD]GHONX VHVWDYR NOMXÏQH NRPSHWHQFH NL QDM MR UD]XPHYDPR WULSODVWQR ]QDQMH NQRZOHGJH VSUHWQRVWL YHģÏLQH skills QDUDYQDQRVW VWDOLģÏH RGQRV WXGL GUŀD – ravnanje s svojim znanjem, odnos do pridobivanja znanja (attitude *UH WRUHM ]D RGQRV GR VHEH NRW SRVDPH]QLND Y SURFHVX L]REUDŀHYDQMD LQ ]D RGQRV GR SUHGPHWD SUHGPHWQRVWL R]LURPD SUHGPHWQHJD SRGURÏMD 7DNR UD]XPHYDQMH NRPSHWHQFH SRYHÏD RSD]RYDQMH ODVWQHJD SURFHVD XÏHQMD SRVOHGLÏQR SD VWRSQMXMH SRVDPH]QLNRYR RGJRYRUQRVW GR XÏHQMD LQ GR znanja kot vrednote.
% 0DUHQWLÏ 3RŀDUQLN WUGL GD QD NRPSHWHQFH QH VPHPR JOHGDWL NRW QD ODKNR GRVHJOMLYD NRQÏQD VWDQMD .RPSHWHQFD YVHEXMH YVDM WUL SRPHPEQH VHVWDYLQH NL VH PHG VHERM SUHSOHWDMR VSR]QDYQR VHVWDYLQR WXGL YLģMH VSR]QDYQHFLOMHVLVWHPDWLÏQRSRYH]DQR]QDQMHLQ]PRŀQRVWUDYQDQMDVWHP ]QDQMHPȂREYODGDQMHUD]QLKPLVHOQLKRSHUDFLMNULWLÏQHJDLQXVWYDUMDOQHJD PLģOMHQMD QRYH VLWXDFLMH ]PRŀQRVW }SUHVHJDQMH GDQHJDm Ȃ WHJD NDU MH ELOR QHSRVUHGQR QDXÏHQR ÏXVWYHQRPRWLYDFLMVNR VHVWDYLQR SR]LWLYQD VWDOLģÏD GR ]QDQMD LQ XÏHQMD QDVSORK WHU GR SRVDPH]QLK SRGURÏLM ]QDQMD do lastne kompetentnosti in osebne rasti, vrednostno naravnanost do VROMXGLGRPRŀQHXSRUDEHLQ]ORUDEH]QDQMDȐWHUDNFLMVNRVHVWDYLQRȂ ]PRŀQRVWLQSULSUDYOMHQRVWDQJDŀLUDWLVHQHNDMQDUHGLWLVWHP]QDQMHPJD VPLVHOQR LQ NRULVWQR XSRUDELWL Y ģROVNLK LQ WXGL ]XQDMģROVNLK Ȃ ŀLYOMHQMVNLK LQSRNOLFQLKVLWXDFLMDKSUHGYVHPWXGLYNRPSOHNVQLKVSUHPLQMDMRÏLKVHLQ QHSUHGYLGOMLYLK0DUHQWLÏ3RŀDUQLN
=QDÏLOQRVWL NOMXÏQLK NRPSHWHQF VR WUDQVYHU]DOQRVW SUHQRVOMLYRVW nadpredmetnost, enakovrednost in medsebojna povezanost vseh osmih NOMXÏQLK NRPSHWHQF WULGHOQRVW ]JUDGEH ]QDQMH VSUHWQRVWL VWDOLģÏD RGQRVLGUŀDUDYQDQMH SRVWRSQRVW L]JUDGQMH NOMXÏQLK NRPSHWHQF Y SURFHVXL]REUDŀHYDQMDIRUPDOQHJDQHIRUPDOQHJDLQSULORŀQRVWQHJD Morda bi poseben razmislek namenili razmejitvi pojmov kompetenca LQ NOMXÏQD NRPSHWHQFD .OMXÏQH NRPSHWHQFH ]DMHPDMR ģLUģH SRGURÏMH Strokovnjaki so ob tehtnem premisleku številne kompetence, ki so SRNULYDOHSRVDPH]QDSRGURÏMD]GUXŀLOLYNOMXÏQRNRPSHWHQFRLQMRXVWUH]QR SRLPHQRYDOLVNODGQRVSRMPRYQLPSROMHP]DSRVDPH]QRSRGURÏMH 3UDY WDNR JOHGH VHVWDYH Ȃ WULGHOQRVW ]QDQMH VSUHWQRVWLYHģÏLQH LQ RGQRV VWDOLģÏHVHQDQDģDQDNOMXÏQHNRPSHWHQFHWDNRQDMELUD]XPHYDOLNOMXÏQH NRPSHWHQFH NRW QDGSRPHQNR VDM NOMXÏQH NRPSHWHQFH Y IRUPDOQHP L]REUDŀHYDQMXUD]XPHPRQDGSUHGPHWQR&LOMLYXÏQLKQDÏUWLKVRQDUDYQDQL QD XUHVQLÏHYDQMH R]LURPD L]JUDGQMR NOMXÏQLK NRPSHWHQF 3UYD VHVWDYLQD zadeva deklarativno znanje, druga sestavina proceduralno znanje in WUHWMD VWUDWHģNR ]QDQMH SUDY Y WUHWML VHVWDYLQL DQJO DWWLWXGH VR }YROMQHm NRPSRQHQWH YUHGQRWH VWDOLģÏD SUHSULÏDQMD PRM RGQRV GR ]QDQMD GR
1D GHODYQLFL R NOMXÏQLK NRPSHWHQFDK Y /MXEOMDQL VH MH SRVHEQD VNXSLQD XNYDUMDOD V SRMPRYQLP SROMHP WHUPLQRY V VWDOLģÏD MH]LNRVORYMD }1DMWHŀMH YSUDģDQMH MH SRLPHQRYDQMH WUHWMH SUYLQHNLREVHJDYLGLNPRUDOQHJDUD]YRMDYUHGQRWYDQJOHģÏLQLMHWRSRLPHQRYDQRDWWLWXGH.ŀH ]DSLVDQLPDRGQRVLQQDUDYQDQRVWVPRSUHGODJDOLģHGUŀDLQVWDOLģÏDȐm9L=
27 predmetnosti in ta sestavina je regulator pri udejanjanju prve in druge. Pri
QDVRESUHYDMDQMXQLVPRQDWDQÏQRSRNULOLSRMPRYQHJDSROMDDQJODWWLWXGH ]DWRERPR]DJRWRYRLPHOLWHŀDYHÎHQDYHGHPRVDPRSULPHU0DGŀDUVNHNL MH]DWUHWMRVHVWDYLQRNOMXÏQHNRPSHWHQFHXYHGODSRYVHPQRYWHUPLQ 9 RNYLUX (YURSVNH NRPLVLMH MH ELOD Y GHORYQL VNXSLQL VSUHMHWD VWUDWHģND RGORÏLWHY GD VH NRQFHSW RVQRYQLK VSUHWQRVWL XSRUDEOMHQ Y /L]ERQVNL VWUDWHJLML WR VR SLVPHQRVW QXPHULÏQRVW LQ LQIRUPDFLMVNRNRPXQLNDFLMVND WHKQRORJLMDDQJOOLWHUDF\QXPHUDF\Ζ&7QDGRPHVWLVNRQFHSWRPNOMXÏQLK NRPSHWHQFVWURNRYQMDNLVRRGORÏLWHYXWHPHOMLOLVģWLULPLUD]ORJL
pojem WHPHOMQH VSUHWQRVWL VH WHŀNR QDWDQÏQR UD]ORÏXMH RG SRMPD NRPSHWHQFHYGUXJLKHYURSVNLKQHDQJOHģNLKMH]LNLK
2. pojem NOMXÏQH NRPSHWHQFH MH REVHŀQHMģL YVHEXMH NRPELQDFLMR ]QDQMD VSUHWQRVWLLQVWDOLģÏUDYQDQMRGQRVRYDQJODWWLWXGHV
pojem osnovne spretnosti QDM EL SUHYHÏ VSRPLQMDO QD RPHMHQ L]ERU EUDOQHSLVQHLQPDWHPDWLÏQHVSUHWQRVWLSRMHPNOMXÏQLKNRPSHWHQFSD QDMELELOEROMGLQDPLÏHQLQRGSUW
pojem osnovne spretnosti lahko razumemo tako, da se te spretnosti nanašajo le na VSUHWQRVWL]DSUHŀLYHWMH.
'UDIWΖQWHULP5HSRUW%DVLF6NLOOV.H\&RPSHWHQFLHV
9]DJRYRUELQDSRGURÏMXVORYHQLVWLNHODKNRQDYHGOLģWHYLOQHSULPHUHUDEH WHUPLQDNRPSHWHQFDŀHYRVHPGHVHWLKOHWLKSUHMģQMHJDVWROHWMD%3RJRUHOHF LQ 2 .XQVW *QDPXģ 3UDY WDNR VH MH Y SHGDJRģNL WHRULML XYHOMDYLO WHUPLQ NRPSHWHQÏQL XÏQL SULVWRS NL EL JD WHŀNR ]DPHQMDOL ] L]UD]RP ]PRŀQRVWQL XÏQLSULVWRS
=PRŀQRVWL QLVR VLQRQLP ]D L]UD] NRPSHWHQFD L]UD] NRPSHWHQFD SRNULYD ģLUģHSRMPRYQRSROMH7RODKNRSRQD]RULPRVSULPHURPDOLMHQHNGR]PRŀHQ QDUHGLWLGRORÏHQRVWYDUDOLMHQHNGRNRPSHWHQWHQQDGRORÏHQHPSRGURÏMX 6SUHWQRVWL ODKNR UD]XPHYDPR NRW YHģÏLQH L]UD]D SD QLVWD VLQRQLPD
=PRŀQRVWLLQVSUHWQRVWLVWDSUYLQLYSROMXNRJQLFLMHLQPHWDNRJQLFLMH V teh primerih ne gre le za razumevanje posameznih besed, gre za globlje razumevanje pojmovnega polja, ki ga beseda pokriva. Ob rabi posameznega termina se pojmovno polje besede »napolni«, tako da vsi razumevamo EHVHGRNLMRSRGRJRYRUXVWURNRYQMDNRYSRVDPH]QLKSRGURÏLMVSUHMPHPR LQXÏLQNRYLWRXSRUDEOMDPR
1D WHP PHVWX MH VPLVHOQR RSR]RULWL WXGL QD L]UD] Ȇ%LOGXQJȇ 9 VWROHWMX je pomenil kombinacijo znanja in osebnostne rasti znotraj okvira grške WUDGLFLMH9JHUPDQVNHPLQQRUGLMVNHPVYHWXMHYL]REUDŀHYDQMXSROHWX VSHW PRÏQHMH ]DVWRSDQ QDPHQMHQ MH YVHP XÏHQFHP QH OH HOLWL R]LURPD R]NLP VNXSLQDP Y GUXŀEL Ȇ%LOGXQJȇ LPD Y ]JRGRYLQL UD]OLÏQH NRQRWDFLMH Y L]REUDŀHYDOQHPGLVNXU]XJDMHUD]XPHWLNRWUH]XOWDWGRVHŀHNL]REUDŀHYDQMD (angl.RXWFRPHRIVFKRROLQJ. Znanje in razvite kompetence so prvi pogoj za
%LOGXQJYHQGDUSRMPDQLVWDLGHQWLÏQD9UD]PHUMXGRNRPSHWHQFMH%LOGXQJ UD]XPHWL NRW %LOGXQJ NRPSHWHQFH QHNDM YHÏ 1L QXMQR GD XÏHQHF ] YVHPL UD]YLWLPL NRPSHWHQFDPL GRVHŀH %LOGXQJ %LOGXQJ ]DMHPD QRWUDQMH vrednote, vtisnjene v kulturi in evropski postavitvi, to pomeni oboje, osebne/
28
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